The Right of Self-Determination - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1796 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Did you like this example? RIGHT OF SELF DETERMINATION INTRODUCTION Self-determination can be defined as a right of peoples or the will of the people under international law to exist and to have access to government. This principle has at its spirit in the achievement of true representation and democracy based on the premise that the consent of the people can only give legitimacy to any government. The principle helped in shaping of our international community as it was mainly responsible for the decolonization process. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Right of Self-Determination" essay for you Create order Hence, this right is one of the most important, but yet it is debatable principles of international law. This right has served as a powerful slogan and a justification for the purpose of independence of many peoples. This right has primarily created controversy because it many a times challenged the State system through a derogation of the principle of territorial integrity, which results in tension between the interests of the States on one hand and the interests of the peoples on other. This coalition between the two has led to the creation of a principle as multifaceted as well as ambiguous. The right to self-determination complement fundamental principles of public international law like State sovereignty, the equality of States and territorial integrity, including the prohibition of force and the principle of non-intervention. With the aid of self-determination, indigenous groups raise claims of either secession from an already sovereign State or seek independence and free dom from the domination of foreign State. This right does not only exist under public international law but has its presence under international human rights law also, where it says, among other things, the equal rights of peoples within a State. Moreover, the right to self-determination is used as an argument in miscellaneous situations under international law wherein questions relating to liberation movements, rebels, aid and assistance or intervention against these groups and movements. Therefore, it can be said that there are many situations in the world where the right to self-determination has a great relevance. The interests of both the individual and the group concentrate on the ability to exercise their selections about how they wish to live their lives and to be free from the interference and imposition of others[2]. There are at least five different modes of right to self-determination: an individual right, potentially coextensive with some form of democratic governance; a right pertaining to members of groups and perhaps groups themselves, often framed as the minority rights of national, religious, ethnic or linguistic groups; a right with particular meaning in the context of indigenous groups, potentially extending to unique forms of political and territorial autonomy; a right associated with limited territorial change, often associated with historical agreements (such as the handover of Hong Kong); and a right to external determination of peoples, which implies a right to unilateral secession. The scope and purpose of the principle of self-determination has evolved significantly in the 20th century. In the early 1900à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, international support grew for the right of all people to self-determination. This led to successful secession movements during and after World War I, II and then laid to the groundwork for decolonization in the 1960s. THE SCOPE OF THE PRINCIPLE OF SELF-DETERMINATION OF PEOPLES The meaning of the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“peoplesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  means who are the holders of the rights of self-determination and has a primary effect on the establishment of the synchronization between the principle of self-determination and territorial integrity. Principle of self- determination has its universal realization[3] and subsequently, obligations arising from this principle are erga omnes obligations.[4] Since erga omnes obligations are attatch to the right of self determination, therefore, it implies that this principle applies to the whole inter national community. All states have a right to demand for self determination, if in case people are depriving of the right to self determination, as per internationally recognized interpretation of self- determination. Though, there is no recognized definition to any of terms, which could be admitted under the meaning of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“peoplesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (for example, nation, minority, indigenous peoples and etc.), and for the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“peoplesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  itself under international law[5]. As a fundamental human right, right to self-determination cannot be the right only of some special categories of peoples asit would lead to discrimination on the racial, ethnic, cultural, religious or other grounds, for which that particular group identifies themselves among others. According to the report of the international conference organized by the UNESCO Division of Human Rights, Democracy and Peace, the plain meaning of the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“all peoplesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬   includes peoples under colonial or alien subjugation or domination, those under occupation, indigenous peoples[6] and other communities who satisfy the criteria generally accepted for determining the existence of a people[7]. The only way to prevent discrimination between different groups of peoples is to define à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  as a whole population of a particular territorial unit, for the purpose of interpreting the principle of self- discrimination under the present international law à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  means: a) entire population of an independent state, governed in a way representing the whole population; b) entire population of non-self-governing territory; c) entire population of a particular occupied territorial unit living under foreign military occupation; d) entire unrepresented/ oppressed part of population of a particular territorial unit . This interpretation shows the primary connection between peoples and territory. THE CONTEMPORARY CONCEPT OF SELF DETERMINATION There are three important elements which helps in fulfilling the contemporary concept of principle of self-determination. These elements are as follows; The principle of uti possidetis, the conceptual distinction which exists between external (classical/post-colonial) and internal aspects of self-determination, and the secession in the view of international law regulating self-determination. There have been various decisions as accepted by various courts that emphasized on the importance of principle of uti possidetis, such as the Canadian Supreme Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (CSC) decision on Quebec decision and ICJà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s decision in the Burkina-Faso v. Mali case[8]. The Canadian Supreme Court noted that, the right of self-determination should be exercised à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“within the framework of existing sovereign statesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and emphasized à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the maintenance of the territorial integrity of those statesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [9]. Furthermore, ICJ described the principle of uti possidetis as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a general principle, which is logically connected with the phenomenon of obtaining independence, wherever it occursà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [10]. Apart from the above discussions before the courts, the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination ie., CERD passed a recommendation in 1996 which distinguished the internal self-determinatio n from the external self- determination. As per CERD internal self-determination means à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“right of every citizen to take part in the conduct of public affairs at any levelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[11] The definition of the CSC regarding internal self-determination, which is acknowledged by the Court as a concept fulfilling the external self-determination, is as follows: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s pursuit of its political, economic, social and cultural development within the framework of an existing stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [12]. Tibet. The Tibet case represents a post-Charter annexation reason being China seized independent Tibet in 1949 -1950. The early documents of the United Nations indicate that the right to self-determination of the Tibetan people, and the international community had to recognize Chinas the post-Charter military seizure as illegal. Till now, the situation in Tibet is not resolved and the Tibetan people still have the right to self-deter mination, and also have the right to their own governance and culture. But, China is sending large numbers of non-Tibetan people in Tibet. This is a violation of Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention. This is where the government of China has done the most damage to Tibetans and their culture, as in many parts of Tibet, Tibetans are in the minority, which has becomes a serious situation in the realization of self determination. China seeks to dilute Tibetans with others, so that if forced into any de-colonization process the Tibetan question might be viewed as an indigenous question rather than one involving full restoration of sovereignty. CONCLUSION In the above-outlines situations, it can be understood that people have the right to self-determination but yet it has not been realized. In many countries there are conflicts related to it. Unfortunately, many states involved in attempting to militarily eliminate the peoples with valid self-determination claims try to reduc e these conflicts to terrorism. So depending on which side of the fence you are on, group A is either a terrorist or a freedom fighter. Some of these regimes friends either acquiesce or actively support this erroneous assertion. Apart from this, the important concern is that states are openly violating their jus cogens and erga omnes obligations, so as to defend the principle of self- determination. And also, not enough people know sufficiently both the law of self-determination and the law of armed conflict to properly redirect. This right can, be immensely powerful as a political slogan, for example when used by a people seeking their freedom and independence as it was done during time decolonization process. But it can also be dangerous when used to stir up feelings of extreme nationalism in people. As what led to the genocide in Rwanda was a complex situation that dates back to the colonial period. Surely, democracy must be the remedy here and not redefining the term à ¢Ã¢â€ š ¬Ã…“peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  or the principle of territorial integrity. In any case, this dilemma does not seem to have a solution for the moment, nor in the foreseeable future as one author admits. In my opinion there is clearly a need for the double nature of the right to self-determination in international law and relations. It is therefore difficult, bordering on impossible, to reach an agreement on a more precise definition of the right, its content and scope. [1] Student, Institute of Law, Nirma University [2] Thomas Franck, The Emerging Right to Democratic Governance, 86 AM. J. INTL L. 46 (1992). [3] See, for example, the UN General Assembly Resolution 51/84 (adopted 28 02 1997), which reaffirms à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“universal realization of the right of peoples to self-determinationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . [4] The International Court of Justice has affirmed erga omnes in the East Timor Case; the newest: Advisory opinion of the ICJ on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Legal consequences of the construction of a wall in the occupied Palestinian territoryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (09 07 2004, No.131). [5] The UNESCO International Meeting of Experts for the Elucidation of the Concepts of Rights of Peoples (held in 1989) developed the definition of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a group of individual human beings who enjoy some or all of the following common features: a) a common historical tradition; b) racial or ethnic identity; c) cultu ral homogeneity; d) linguistic unity; e) religious or ideological affinity; f) territorial connection; g) common economic lifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  . [6] A term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“indigenous peoplesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“just a technical term, which allows a number of peoples to participate, albeit in a limited way, in international discussions affecting their situationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ (see note 1:The implementation of the right to self-determination as a contribution to conflict prevention). [7] Ibid [8] Frontier Dispute (Burk. Faco v. Mali), 1986 I.C.J. 3 (Order of Jan. 10) [9] Ibid., p. 231 [10] Warbrick, p. 215. [11] Shaw, p. 273. [12] Shaw, p. 273.

Analysis Of The Text On Liberty By John Stuart Mill

Regarding Mill’s argument â€Å"If all mankind minus one were of one opinion, mankind would be no more justified in silencing that one person, than he, if he had the power, would be justified in silencing mankind,† the justification for this statement is to present his ideology on the subject of free speech. According the text ‘On Liberty’ by John Stuart Mill, his position with respect to free speech is that even one person had a specific opinion, mankind is not given grounds to silence him. Mill’s argument regarding free speech is valid because he protects the liberty of the individual over the popular opinion of society. I agree with Mill’s point of view because I also believe that everyone should have the voice to express what they wish,†¦show more content†¦Free speech is a right to be practiced by a conscious human as Mill says. He writes that human liberty has three main types of classifications: the domain of consciousness, lib erty of tastes and pursuits, and the freedom to unite for the purpose of not causing harm to others. As a result, I agree that the harm principle must the only objection that should limit to this notion, as a more utilitarian society is what is more favoured for maximum pleasure. It is evident that Mill realizes that a person, we have our own independent autonomy, which he acknowledges throughout the text. Mill believes in the protection of freedom of speech, action and association, which indicates how the society should not prevail over the individual for its own good. However, when regarding utility, he points out, if the society is also benefited, that it is the preferred mode, but I think it is important to identify how he says that if their opinion is not causing harm, then the society is not negatively affected. 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Risk Analysis of Stock Market - 2022 Words

INTRODUCTION Our assignment topic is â€Å"Risk analysis of Stock Market†. To identify the stock market risk we have to do some calculation. In this assignment we choose Coefficient of varience(CV) method We select five banks (Dhaka Bank Ltd., Prime Bank Ltd., Social Islami Bank Ltd., Sahjalal Bank Ltd. and Premium Bank Ltd. ) of financial institution. 1.1 History of the Stock Market of Bangladesh Dhaka Stock Exchange (Generally known as DSE) is the main stock exchange of Bangladesh. It is located in Motijheel at the heart of the Dhaka city. It was incorporated in 1954. Dhaka stock exchange is the first stock exchange of the country. As of 18 August 2010, the Dhaka Stock Exchange had over 750 listed companies with a combined market†¦show more content†¦Step 2: To calculate the average price or mean value of each bank. Step 3: To calculate a value which comes from X-mean. Step 4: To calculate the square value of X-mean. 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Chronic Illness and Disability Integrated Nursing Concept

Question: Discuss about the Chronic Illness and Disability for Integrated Nursing Concept. Answer: Introduction: According to Chang and Johnson (2014, p.1), chronicity can be defined as an illness that lasts for a long duration, not showing any signs of resolving spontaneously or with the help of medications. This chronicity or chronic condition has become common for nurses of Australia, where they have to handle patients with co-morbid diseases along with a chronic illness. In medical terminology, usually, chronicity is related to illness rather than to diseases. Chronic illness gets more emphasis than the diseases in the nursing department. Along with providing care to the chronic illness, they have to treat the patient for depression, a very common co-morbid existence with illness. Chronicity is also related to a specific human condition where the health is affected by a disease or rather an illness that lasts for a longer time than usual with long lasting effects. However, in accordance with Hickman et al. (2010, p.63), along with illness or diseases, chronic depression is noticed by the nurses treating the patients. This has become one of the greatest challenging situations that nurses in Australia are facing while they provide treatment and care to the service users. From a nurses perspective, it can be seen that along with the illness, the co-morbid chronicity of other complex illness is often seen. Chronicity refers to such a disease or illness which persists in a patients body more than three months, according to the health studies of Australia. Chronicity usually, cannot be prevented by medicines or vaccinations. As suggested by Ski et al. (2012, p.2228), they do not disappear and keep on affecting the patients health from worse to worst. Often it is seen that patients develop multiple diseases from the chronicity of illness and it becomes a challenge for the nurses to take care of the service users. This has been noticed in older people who become difficult to handle and give care to the sufferers. It can be seen that diseases, no matter how acute they are, can be brought under control with the help of medications or vaccines. However, an illness like depression, which is growing as a co-morbid chronic illness along with diseases, is making the situations tough for the nurses. Nurses are failing to take proper care of the patients, especially the older people who are developing a complex illness out of the chronicity. Care need management should be adopted by the nurses and hospitals so that the health requirements of the patients can be met. Using the Chronic Care Model can help the hospitals in managing strategies for improving the situation. Emphasis can be given to the self-management, evidence-based practice and interdisciplinary care. If a case of numerous morbidity is registered it should get the immediate attention of the nurse so that all the existing illness can be identified in the time required medications can be provided to them. If multiple disabilities are seen, required care providers should be allotted to the patient. Since most of the patients are moving towards depression, the nurses find it difficult to treat it with the prescribed medications. In the words of Lubkin and Larsen (2006, p.22), the matter is gaining weight from the nurses perspective and hence required strategies should be applied. However, it is seen that in the recent years, patients are suffering from chronic illnesses which are developing a chronic co-morbid illness like depression making the job of the caregiver difficult. It should be handled with intense care and appropriate strategies. Those who are developing multiple illnesses, a different approach are required to handle them and give them the best treatment. The design of the health system in Australia needs to be changed for better support to the patients. Reports have been registered with the news that for some last years there has been a lot of changes in the practice of duties of nurses. The healthcare as a whole has received certain changes for the benefit. Nurses along with the medical sector have faced patients who were suffering from chronic illness and developed serious co-morbid illnesses too. With the changing trend, it became necessary to adopt strategic planning so that the required necessities of the patients can be met. There is seen that some of the patients do not get the required treatment on time. Moreover, the treatment that they receive, does not comply with the international standard. The most important change that is required to give proper health services to the patients is to improve the financing of the heath care organisations. Allocation of wealth must be done in an effective manner so that advancement can be made in the field of technology to identify the chronic illness and given the required treatment. With proper finance, more than one specialised nurse can be allocated to the critical patients so that the care is given according to the international standard. This would benefit the patient as well as the health care organisation. This initiative of facilitating more finance to the institutes would definitely help the organisations to gather good health standard. Another initiative that has been taken by the government of Australia in improving the health condition of the people living there is improving the condition of the primary health care organisations. Medicare centres along with primary health centres have been set up to combat the chronic illness that is affecting the health of the people (Aspin et al. 2010, p.386). The initiative has also been taken in connecting the services of the primary centres with hospitals and aged health services. Old people are ones who are suffering the most from the chronic diseases which are leading to other co-morbid illness which is causing great harm to their lives. The government of Australia had taken another initiative to rectify the problem of health being affected by chronic illness. The Australian national preventive health Agency targeted to prevent illness like obesity to stop the harm that the chronic diseases were doing to the lives of the people. There was prevention of the consumption of alcohol and tobacco so that the people can enjoy a good health being saved from chronic health diseases. The government has to invest more in the field of prevention so that people can be made aware of the adverse effect their irregular lifestyle (Hendersonb et al. 2014, p.337). An effective system should be applied from the governments part. The role of the Australian government is very important in making rules and regulations regarding the increasing number of people suffering from chronic diseases and also suffering from depression. There are certain changes that have been brought in the network of the health homes and the hospitals. According to the rules and regulations, none should be deprived of treatment irrespective of their colour and creed. The initiative of making people aware that a healthy lifestyle; e can let you live healthy is the best policy undertaken to explain the importance of good health. The Australian government should be efficient enough to apply all that they have thought (Harris and Zwar, 2007, p.104). Hence, the initiative should be taken to rectify the loopholes so that efficient health system can be built and meet the requirements of those suffering from chronic diseases. Allocation of nurses should be done in accordance with the requirement of the patient. 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