Religious and Moral about Clowns

Clowns are generally considered that they exist for fun and entertainment, but when one who has clear knowledge about a clown and his job, one will understand how powerful clowns are. Barbara Tedlock has studied a lot about clown across the world and he wrote an essay called, ‘The Clown’s Way’. In fact main job of clowns is to entertain, give fun and make the people laugh. Clowns often remind us about circus, how they entertain the crowd with their funny words and deeds. They are professional clowns who are into the job for earning. There is also another kind of clowns who do such things for their religion and with a fear of religious beliefs. They are religious clowns. The best moral to learn from religious clowns are to make others laugh irrespective of one’s own worries and day to life tensions. Every clown is a human in fact, and they too have some worries of life. But once they wear clown mask, they forget all their personal worries and issues, and everything they do is laugh and let others laugh, which is very healthy to anyone. Different religious clowns entertain people in different ways. Heyoka clowns do things the other way like they read backwards, walk backwards, ride the horse in backward direction, moves counter-sunwise. His voice is a thunderclap. In few religions, during festivals, the clowns open the baggage of the guests, though such things are annoying, the guest burst up in laughs looking at the way the clowns behave. In some religion, clowns pour water on the guests and they also throw coal. This is always ends up with fun, but not into fights. In few religions, clowns go door to door to beg food and tobacco, if anyone refuses; they are allowed to do anything to fetch food from any house. The theft of food is a very common issue in California. The theft of food sometimes leads up to sexual show ups like they talk or sing about sex, or they perform sexual displays in the public at women. According to Tedlock, Jemez clowns â€Å"make advances toward women†; Ponca clowns â€Å"crawl up and touch a woman’s genitalia in full daylight†; and Kwakiutl clowns jest with chiefs’ daughters, often making pointed references to sex. In the Southeast, Creek clowns, while singing obscene songs during the Crazy Dance make sexual motions and even come into bodily contact with women. (p.6). Generally it is considered by many religious clowns that they believe they will die if they do not do their job properly. Though they show things in a funny way, many of their deeds share knowledge about the religion or they teach us a moral of life. One of the best examples said by Tedlock is about Pueblo Indian Clowns. On the occasion of feeding the katchina dancers, clowns substitute ashes or sweepings for corn meal as their own sacred offerings, and they make people laugh. But this deed has a hidden moral. It shows the religious deeds of Zuni woman, who deposit sweepings at the corn field and say, â€Å"I now deposit you as sweepings but in one year you will return to me as corn†. It is just like instead of wasting corn on the floor as sweepings, they will make it purpose for future food.

Management Models

Assessment Task One | Understanding the First Five Topics Competing Values Framework & The 4+2 Formulae The Competing Values Framework and the 4+2 Formulae are models that represent the management research perspective of balancing outward and inward development, and how important the equilibrium of both areas is, in the success and continued success of a business. The Competing Values Framework has been developed over 100 years of theoretical management models, with with each era having developed its own theories and practices born out of the period’s socioeconomic conditions.The Competing Values Framework is split into four main quadrants which re? ect the four main periods of prosperity and economic challenges. The quadrants re? ect the period’s dominant philosophy of management and represents the relationship within management, in regards to the degree of control and whether that control is projected internally or externally. In the extended research, the understandi ng of an inverse relationship of competing values has developed into an integrated management model. The inverse relationship between values represents the ‘push-and-pull’ of a successful management concept.The balance of each idea or value keeps the entity open to development of new concepts but also retains the checks and balances and inward e? ciency. The CVF represent a dichotomy of management values that in equilibrium are highly e? ective. In contrast to the Competing Values Framework the 4+2 Formulae was developed though the study of 160 companies over a 10 year period working with 50 academics and consultants with well recognised research tools. Their study of these companies was to determine what made them successful or what made them fail.The research into these companies was retroactive, starting starting in 1986 and selecting a variety of businesses with similar scale, scope and ? nancial means. The 4+2 formulae is a structured two tiered model, with the mai n principles of business; Strategy, Execution, Culture and Structure and the selection of two secondary business practises; Talent, Innovation, Leadership and Mergers & Partnerships. The 4+2 Formulae is a representation of the best practices of a successful business, it outlines the core components and practices these companies developed to become successful.This is formulae representation of a ‘recipe for success’. The formulae expresses that concept of the four main core values of a business and integration of a pair of focused expansion concepts into which new prospects can be developed. The di? erence between the research of the Competing Values Framework and the 4+2 Formulae is shown in how di? erent the concepts are. The CVF is a consolidation of four management models built over the last century and expresses the careful balance in values that lead to success.The concept of this framework is to express the sensitivity of a business in the amount of control applie d and the balance of further growth with management of e? ciency. The research of the CVF also focused on the models of management and the theoretical concepts of each era, developing and contrasting each theory with the next to develop a diverse understanding of the paradigms in which management is based. In contrast to the 4+2 formulae which focuses on the growth or recession of a business though it core business practices and varying practices in growth.The 4+2 formulae is structured to be set of core values with an integration of two secondary business practices primarily focused on growth. The research into the companies showed that the each successful company excelled at the four core practises and incorporated any two of the secondary. In summary the research of each model di? ers in that one focuses on model and theorem based argument (the ideas and concepts of business) and the other focuses on the execution of core values and the incorporation of secondary growth orientate d practices (the application of ideas). Although these models are di? rent in the way they express the concept of success the main core values of both are very similar. For example; the 4+2 formulae calls for the exemplarily execution of Strategy, Execution, Culture & Structure, these fall into the main quadrants of the CVF and also inversely linked to each other exhibiting the relationship between each. Strategy, re? ects the Rational Goal model of direction and clarity, the roadmap. Execution, re? ects the Open systems model of growth, innovations and adaptation. Culture is core of the Human Relations model, it represents the embodiment of people and the empowering of sta?.Structure re? ects the Internal Process, of control, the checks and balances, the re? nement of e? ciency. The similarities of the Competing Values Framework and the 4+2 Formulae is not surprising, they both come from the study of business values. The comparisons of the core values in the 4+2 formulae and the CV F show how closely related they are. The 4+2 formulae is a study of business practices and contrasting that to the CVF which is a study of business models throughout the last century, we can see that the models are sound being proven in theory and practice.The CVF a theoretically based model and the 4+2 a practice based model have overlapping values, making it a very sound model, as the theory is proofed by the practice. What makes these concept more concrete is the study of business in practice in a current economic period and applying a historic study of theories to that study, showing major similarities in those core values. This would substantiate soundness of both the Competing Values Framework and the 4+2 Formulae. The Compering Values Framework gives us the tools to develop and check our progress.It is a compass in giving us the direction required, while the 4+2 formulae is the roadmap, its structure allows us to progress through each stage and ? nd new avenues for growth and innovation. Using the CVF we can always check our performance and rede? ne our direction. Personal & Professional Leadership : Exploring informative detail & Key Concepts The comprehensive model of leadership expressed in ‘The importance of personal and professional leadership’ (Mastrangelo. A. Eddy, e. and Lorenzet, S. 2004), outline the e? ectiveness of a leader at an organisational level through the understanding of parallel leadership practices.Professional leadership and Personal leadership qualities run parallel to each other and both support and enhance the others ability to in? uence and cultivate willing cooperators. The article motif shows that leadership behaviour and actions are important in determining the e? ectiveness of the leader, and that a successful leader must be concerned with both task and peoplerelated issues. Professional and Personal leadership in the model is expressed as a integrated practice, as each component lends itself to the other; suc h ideas are expressed in the articles ‘The Theory of the Business’ (Drucker, P. 994) & ‘Trends that could shake up your business’ (Ofek, E. and Wathieu,L. 2010) . These articles express how e? ective leaders in? uence individuals to work cohesively towards organisational success. Leadership is as much about in? uencing others with a comprehensive understanding of business and business direction as well as in? uencing them though interpersonal relationships. Both articles place leaders in a position where knowledge of business practices, having a perspective and vision for organisational success, and growth are important in an individual’s perception of trust in a leader’s expertise.Individuals will more likely trust a leader who has the expertise, the insight and vision of growing and developing the organisation. Trusted leaders should have a more expansive way of thinking to engender changes within the organisation and the marketplace. The ma in concept of these two articles express that a leader requires the ability to have forethought and the ability to adapt to di? erent situations. Professional leadership requires leaders to be clear on direction, be able to develop strategies to follow and coordinate the uni? d energies of individuals toward organisational success. Followers require this foundation of expertise as re? ected by; Professional leadership is an essential step in the leadership process. It provides a foundation that leads to willing cooperation. ( Mastrangelo. A. Eddy, e. and Lorenzet, S. 2004, page 446) Druker, Ofek and Wathieu also hint that the e? ectiveness of these leaders are interrelated to the perception of the leader as a knowledgable and trustworthy person. Therefore the Professional leadership quality is symbiotic with the perception of the leader, which is also re? cted in our model: When an organisation has created a direction that promotes both individual and organisational success, values continuous improvement, makes it clear to employees their role is in helping achieve organisational success†¦ will likely lead to perceptions of expertise, trust, caring, sharing & morality. – (Mastrangelo. A. Eddy, e. and Lorenzet, S. 2004, page442) This gives a more informative depth to the model, as we can see how interactions of the personal side of leadership can a? ect the e? ectiveness of leaders. Personal leadership is an important re? ction of the person who is leading, ‘Discovering Your Authentic Leadership’ (George, B. Sims, P. McLean, A. and Mayer, D. 2007. ) details how the personal narrative can feed how genuine a leader is perceived. The story of David Pottruck former CEO of Charles Schwab shows us that one sided use of professional leadership is ine? ective. David saw his hard work and long hours as a positive way to ensure success and achieve results, however this only intimidated his colleges and lead to a mistrust between himself and his f ollowers. In this instance a leader who did not realise his e? ct on his followers or chose to ignore them was in the end ine? ective at leading. His pursuit of results and success alienated him from others and created an environment devoid of willing cooperation. In ‘Why should Anybody Be Lead By You? ’ (Go? ee, R. and Jones, G. 2000) the article asks why as a leader, do you have the privilege of leading? The article questions why and how a leader is successful and expresses that there are four qualities that successful leaders possess. This article’s concept re? ects trait theory to an extent, the article points out key traits that all successful leaders possess have but also speci? d that each quality is di? erent from one leader to the next. Go? ee and Jones argue that leaders need to bridge the gap between professional leader to personal leader. The article argues that the nature of using only professional leadership will lead to a perception of a ? awlessne ss, a leader who is ? awless in work would not need help or want it, thus alienating him from a cooperative environment. The article suggests that leaders bridge the gap, by selectively revealing ? aws, ‘Sharing imperfection is so e? ective because it underscores a human being’s authenticity’- (Go? e, R. and Jones, G. 2000, page 65). Showing your follower that you are genuine and approachable – human and humane’ – (Go? ee, R. and Jones, G. 2000, page 66). These ideas of allowing your followers to see a chip in your armour shows that you are willing to take one for your team and are as just as human as they are, building trust between you and others. These ideas are echoed in our model; Organisational members must have con? dence in the expertise of their leaders , and must trust that the leaders are doing what is best for everyone. – (Mastrangelo. A. Eddy, e. and Lorenzet, S. 004, p441) The willingness to rely on another† has als o been found to be an important factor in establishing trust (rousseau et al, 1998). Trust in this perspective has as its basis reliability, which is enhanced consistency and predictability. (Cook & Campbell, 1979; Deming, 1982; Kerlinger, 1986) Personal leadership incorporates the sharing nature of humility and the ability for individuals to care for each other. Becoming a more genuine leader allow for greater interaction between leader and follower, creating a support team which allows them to keep you on track.Selectively admitting faults and limitations on knowledge and experiences would only enhance a leaders humility. As seen from; Researchers have have suggested that leaders should move beyond the hero myth or â€Å"great man† perspective on leadership(Murrell,1997), show their humanness by being open about their limitations in knowledge and experience(Weick,2001), and focus more on how followers in? uence the process of leadership(Uhl-Bien,2006). – (Owens, B. & Hekman, D. 2012, ‘Modeling how to grow: an inductive examination of humble leader behaviors, contingencies, and outcomes’ Academy of Management Journal, 2012, Vol. 5, No. 4, 787-818) Ideas from the ? ve main articles elaborate on the e? ectiveness of a leader though the incorporation of personal characteristics of the leader. Each article has its own way of developing the concept that professional leaders are e? ective only when they are perceived as good leaders in their own right. Trust, care, sharing and morals are valued highly by individuals who follow these leaders and are developed through personal leadership qualities. The foundation for leadership is the understanding of business practices (professional leadership) develop the foundations of personal leadership around it.Becoming a successful leader calls for a more developed and in depth practice in personal leadership. George et al, calls for the use of personal narrative to enrich the values and become a mo re authentic leader, authentic in a sense that the leader believes in what he/she is doing. Authenticity relies on the leader being passionate about what they do and in e? ect caring about it. Go? ee et al. & Owens et al argue that the admission of faults and limitations in ability when selectively done will bene? t a leader in that becoming more genuine.A leader who is able to admit faults shows that they are able to be empathetic and fosters a sharing informative environment. These ideas are all matched in our model by Mastrangelo et al. though three theorems: 1. Professional Leadership (providing direction, process and co-ordination will be positively related to willing cooperation 2. Personal leadership (ie. demonstrating expertise, trust, caring, sharing and morals) will be positively related to willing cooperation. 3. Personal Leadership will mediate the relationship between professional leadership and willing cooperation.Mastrangelo et al. expresses that these three concepts lead towards willing cooperation and are explored in depth when you layer the other 5 articles. Firstly as outlined, the professional leadership provides the direction, process and coordination, the basis of business practice, which is echoed by Drucker in ‘The Theory of Business’ and by Ofek & Wathieu in ‘Trends that could shake up your Business’. These articles concentrated on the professional leadership skills of being able to provide direction for the organisation, but also outline the importance that each individual understands as well.The articles give detail on how leaders must be able to make others understand and also be able to think outside the box, to have a way of forward thinking. Secondly, Personal leadership requires the demonstration values of the person. The foundation of professional practice where the expertise is expressed if followed by the understanding and comprehension of the follower, and their acceptance and trust leader’s expertise. The development of further values goes on to build this trust. As George et al. , Go? ee et al. and Owens et al. examines, the development in the character, the authenticity of a leader is the expression of their personal values and to show that they are also human. The idea to let go of the heroic leader perspective and adopt a more humble approach, to allow your followers to connect on an interpersonal level. The development of a fostering relationship that allows though the understanding of individuals, to care for each other to understand that each person has their own faults and short comings, developing a larger and more complex investment in their leader.Thirdly, the quality of the personal leadership will mediate the e? ectiveness of the professional. As individuals develop a more complete and authentic perspective of a leader the e? ectiveness of professional leadership will progress. As leaders become more aware of both their own and followers strengths and weak nesses their development into becoming a more e? ective continues to grow. When they reinvest what their followers have invested in them, they start to empower others to lead.They not only inspire those around them , they empower those individuals to step up and lead. – (George, B. Sims, P. McLean, A. and Mayer, D. 2007). The degree in which e? ectiveness is measured is by the depth and willingness of others to help and follow a leader, based on their personal leadership. These articles give a detailed view of the model, as its expresses both real world and theoretical concepts that both elaborate and embellish Mastrangelo et al. focus on the importance of personal and professional leadership.

Negotiation Resolution and Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Negotiation Resolution and Conflict - Essay Example However, those with lacklustre performance should be held accountable through their pay. (Pearlstein, 2008) The problem situation began when Chancellor Michelle Rhee proposed to the teachers’ union at Washington D.C. the controversial change in their employment contract. The proposal in essence proposed a higher-pay-for-job-security swap. Teachers will be given the option of earning up to $131,000 within the ten-month school year, but will have to relinquish absolute job security and a personnel-and-pay system based nearly exclusively on years served. The Rhee proposal also includes: protection from arbitrary firings, professional development and support, and a growth model of achievement. But on the negative side, it proposes the removal of grossly incompetent and abusive teachers, and a more stringent evaluation method to gauge teachers’ performance. (Rhee, 2009) While some members of the teachers’ union, such as Washington Teachers’ Union (WTU) President George Parker, and American Federation of Teachers (AFT) leader Randi Weingarten, see the merits behind this proposal, others see it as a deprivation of their right to tenure which they currently enjoy. They also protest the proposed evaluation method as subjective and disadvantageous to teachers. This has caused the controversy, not only between administration and teachers, but also among the ranks of the teachers themselves. (Pearlstein, 2008) On the other hand, it is admitted by researchers that compensation â€Å"based mostly on seniority and formal credentials rather than performance†¦has become untenable, as the teaching profession has changed dramatically over the last few decades.† (Hess and Loup, 2008) Obviously, D.C. Chancellor Rhee is using the carrot-and-stick tactic; higher pay and privileges for well-performing teachers, and sanctions / dismissal for incompetent and abusive teachers. On the teachers’ side there is the realization that

Describe 3 types of environments physically, emotionally and Essay

Describe 3 types of environments physically, emotionally and Psychological - Essay Example The physical environment has shaped my beliefs, values, feelings and behavioral tendencies towards preferences for architectural designs that incorporate ventilations, bright colors and flower gardens. The emotional environment especially at the family level and from peers has been supportive in my identity formation. I am able to interact well with strangers and gain trust of peers. Accordingly, I perceive myself as a respected individual who values human dignity and human rights. The physical environment has shaped my beliefs towards environmental conservation. Having growing up in a physical environment with diverse species of natural vegetation, I value environmental conservation and that is why I prefer living in houses with a garden with exotic trees and flowers (Nagar 90). The physical environment such as architecture of the buildings influenced my association with an urban lifestyle. I prefer living in clean cities that have access to essential amenities like water, electrici ty and recreational facilities like stadiums. Accordingly, I feel strong attachment with the local geographical landscape and family heritage. In this case, I would wish to change the paintings of my house to fit with the white paintings on the house I grew up and change the carpets on the floor (Nagar 78). I have a strong need to personalize the place I live so that I can feel more safe and empowered. Although I travel to different places, I try looking for places that make me more comfortable and offer me opportunities for play and relaxation. I prefer concerts in parks, watching football in stadiums and clean paths where I can ride bicycles. Accordingly, the smell of the garden flowers, moonrises and ocean waves that I used to experience in the environment have an identity impact since I associated flowers with happiness and ocean waves with violence. However, I experienced some psychological stressors related to the environment such as increased noise in the neighborhoods and hi gh temperatures once I started attending school (Nagar 108). In this case, I prefer living in cool environments that are free from natural catastrophes like tornadoes or earthquakes that I consider stressing. The stadiums, parks and sporting facilities influenced by interest in watching and cheering sports (Bechtel 78). The emotional environment has assisted me gain self-esteem through engaging in constructive conversations with family members and peers. I was able to display prosocial behaviors in schools and artistic expressions at both home and school. The emotional environment shaped my life-long struggle for stewardship activities and community involvement that aims at making a difference in different social and economic aspects of human life. For instance, I feel that I am respected and people are willing to listen to me especially when highlighting issues to do with climate change, need for social cohesion and education in the society (Nagar 302). The emotional environment wa s free from violence or crimes thus I have been able to abstain from aggressive behaviors or criminal activities. The emotional environment in my home and school advocated for high achievement, excellent cognitive functioning and persistence in pursuing both personal and academic goals (Bechtel 103). My peers at the workplace are emotionally intelligent, and influenced me in controlling negative moods. I perceive myself as a person with high emotional resilience since I

Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice and antisemitism as shown in the Essay

Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice and antisemitism as shown in the treatment of Shylock - Essay Example But unlike Marlowe, Shakespeare endowed his villain Shylock with some very human qualities that evoke much sympathy. (Glock, 144-50) The result is an ambivalence toward Shylock that makes his role one of the most dramatically complex and compelling among all of Shakespeare's characters, and one that reinforces the sense of this work as a problem play. (Oldrieve, 87) Next to Hamlet, The Merchant of Venice is Shakespeare's most frequently performed play. The reason for its apparent popularity may be in part because it is perennially a required text set for national examinations that students in British secondary schools take. It is less popular in the United States because of the anti-Semitism that the play incorporates, although many producers, directors, and actors have argued that while the play contains elements of anti-Semitism, it is not in itself anti-Semitic. Recently, some scholars have tried to show that, on the contrary, Shakespeare explores ways to reconcile the age-old antagonisms between Christians and Jews.( Glock, 144-50) Shylock, of course, is not the only important character in The Merchant of Venice, which takes its title from Antonio, the Venetian merchant who borrows from Shylock to help his friend, Bassanio. Portia, the rich heiress whom Bassanio courts, is another major character, and the relationship between her and her suitors also raises important moral issues. Unfortunately, in the history of anti-Semitism, Shylock has since become a symbol for a heartless, money-grubbing Jew. Heartless he may be in act 4, but earlier he offers Antonio a loan at no interest in an attempt to win his friendship (1.3.134-37). Usury is the lending of money at interest. It was considered to be inappropriate for a Christian to do this, and as a result, Jews who were in the business of usury were looked down upon. Antonio, who lends money freely, appears to be the charitable Christian, in contrast to Shylock, who preys upon the hardship of others in order to further increase his own material wealth. The perception created by Antonio's argument is that Shylock hates someone for their following a Christian virtue, which implies that Shylock is against Christianity. The demonization of Shylock proceeds by three stages: Shylock is stripped of his name. In the entire play his referred to by name only three times; in the trial scene, the Duke twice identifies him by name, and Portia does so once. In the course of the rest of the play he is called "the Jew" or "dog Jew"(II,viii,14) or "currish Jew"(IV,I,133-34). Shylock is reduced to something other than human. Gratiano curses Shylock with "O, be thou damned, inexecrable dog!"(IV,i,128) Shylock is equated with the devil. In (II,ii,24-28), Launcelot Gobbo identifies Shylock as "a kind of devil", "the devil himself", and "the very devil incarnation". The images of Jews as blood-thirsty murderers of Jesus who snatch innocent Christian children for slaughter in bizarre Passover rituals seems to provide a potent back-drop for the demonic traits heaped upon Shylock in The Merchant of Venice. Shylock is characterized nearly throughout the play as an evil, murderous man. This image of him is supported by the excessive bloodlust that Shylock exhibits. (Rosen, 89-93) The audience is made to hate Shylock early on. In Act 1, scene 3, Shylock tells

Public and private Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public and private - Essay Example Women tend to suffer more economic and emotional Regression than a man. The reasons are manifold. Firstly, many of them were providing for their kids singlehandedly, with a little or no help from their former husbands. Secondly, gender bias also affects the availability of opportunities in job market. As a result most of them remained Underpaid and over burdened with increasing budget deficit. However, a small number of these women that Arendell called â€Å"a unique sub group† did not show similar desperation as majority of the others did. According to Rendell most of them had a substantial support system from either their parents or legal settlement of property or their marriage experience was so unbearably painful that even a sense of Liberation could make them sufficiently optimistic. (Arendell, 1986) Thus, the study discussed in the present article Shows that a divorced woman in America is largely a victim of socioeconomic deprivation and is surrounded by a strange fear o f unpredictable future. This together with the psychological pressure, Complexes and Dilemmas rob them off all capacities to see a ray of light at the end of the tunnel. Increasingly common phenomenon i.e. â€Å"divorce†. The women interviewed were all passing through a Phase where they experience painful surprises on every day basis. A situation where just cost cutting Does not help let alone maintaining the pre divorced standard of living. Another very significant Concept discussed was the plight of single parenting which has both financial and emotional Repercussions. The article also touched upon the gender inequality in work opportunities and the Amount of social downturn a woman experience as opposed to man, as Peterson discussed in his book â€Å"Women, Work and Divorce† and I quote ,† Divorced women, like other women continue to be at a disadvantage in labor market. The level of occupational

The Lamentation by Ludovicco Carracci Research Paper

The Lamentation by Ludovicco Carracci - Research Paper Example The figure’s pose invokes the dead Christ. It shows Christ’s right hand as being distorted. His left hand which is cradled by Mary Magdalene appears dislocated. The virgin has fainted at the sight of her son lying across her lap. In this artwork, the Virgin Mary is shown as a middle-aged woman instead of young and beautiful. Saint John is shielding Christ’s feet by a raised winding sheet and falls with increasing strength on his chest and head. The Virgin Mary, the other three Maries and Saint John are used to bring out a striking effect on the artwork with a neutral background (Wolk-Simon, Bambach & Alsteens 127). Mannerist was used to make the painting. The artwork is associated with the 15th century in the year 1582. The artwork’s origin is in Italy in Bologna. The artwork fits in the category of the 15th-century Italian printers. The technique used to make this artwork was painting using oil on canvas material. Traditional oil painting often began with sketches onto the canvas with charcoal, chalk or thinned paint. The oil paint was then mixed with linseed oil or other solvents to create a faster drying paint. Generally, solvents thin the oil in the paint. Moreover, each additional layer should contain more oil than the layer before it, to allow proper drying. If the additional layer contains less oil, then the final painting will crack and peel. The quality and type of oil determine whether the paint film is stable and strong. Oil paint does not dry fast it remains wet for long. This enables the artist to revise their work if any correction is needed. An artist can change the color , texture or the form of the whole artwork. Earlier works were panel paintings on wood but around the 15th century canvas became more popular. Canvas was preferred by artists because it was cheaper than wood and easy to transport because it was light. Painting using oil on canvas spread through Italy from

Overview to the Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Overview to the Markets - Essay Example This paper is a critical evaluation of their trading background, investment style, performance and viewpoints about the stock markets. Market Approach- Philosophy, Methodology and Management Style Larry Williams began to follow markets in 1962 after the Kennedy market crash, realizing that he could have taken the advantage of the crash by taking short position. He has been known as one of the best short-term traders who also had a passion for writing, evident in his published books such as ‘How to Prosper in the Coming Good Years’ and ‘The Secret of Selecting Stocks’(Ireallytrade-a, 2011). He mostly trades in commodities and derivatives and chooses his assets based on their technicals. He has provided various indicators such as Ultimate Oscillator, value measurements and William %R for commodity prices. William %R is a standard momentum indicator and still provided by many websites such MSDN Microsoft and Yahoo Finance (figure 1). In his books titled ‘ Long-term Secrets to Short-term Trading’ and ‘how I made one million dollars last year trading commodities’, Larry Williams has given his insights in commodity trading. In 1987, he won Futures trading World Cup Championship sponsored by Robbins Trading Company but many people considered his winning to be controversial (Strupp, 1999). In 1989 National Futures Association complained that Larry Williams had engaged himself in misleading advertising and lied about his investment record. He was then allowed to be NFA’s board member despite his campaign against NFA for overregulation (Greising & Morse, 1991, p.163). Figure 1: William %R Indicator (Source: MSDN Microsoft, 2011) John Templeton started his career as a Wall Street investor in 1958 and laid the foundation of one of the most successful mutual funds. He had varied investment philosophy from ‘buy low and sell high’ to ‘extreme pessimism’ by picking bottom-hitting companies (Joh n Templeton Foundation, 2010). His investment style can be best described as ‘Global Contrarian’ in which the investor can profit from mispricing caused by certain crowd behaviour. His investment decisions were based on fundamental analysis. He was regarded as the greatest stock picker by money magazine in 1999 (Green, 1999). In 2005, he predicted the housing market crash to be within five years (Ruddy, 2005). Investment Background & Performance Larry R. Williams has written dozens of books since 1980 which became best sellers. His credibility was established when he correctly predicted bullish market when others were expecting a slowdown. His trading style relies on the timing tools and indicators that he has personally developed such as Will Go indicator, Ultimate Oscillator, William %R and COT Reports (Commitment of Traders reports). The COT report indicates the activities of commercials, small and large traders. Figure 1 shows a typical COT index of Gold. Figure 2: COT index of Gold (Source: Ireallytrade-b, 2011) Larry Williams also provides educational materials through Trend TV and Larry Williams University. His methods are followed by lot of people who have made money but they are risky too. Therefore Larry Williams himself never give assurance that there will always be profits and never losses. He also does not believe in buy-and-hold policy. From his book ‘How I made one million dollars last year trading commodities’

Reading Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading Analysis - Essay Example The author has listed the central role that parliments attain in the establishment and acknowledged familiarity; parliament receives as being the highest decision-making body of the nation. The author explains that initially it was the government sector who worked on the economic’s transformation but the changing government and political parties have enabled bureaucracy to manage a major portion of economics. Politicans of the state favor the development of the private companies that will, in turn, support their political activities. Author has created a very convincing statement for the dominance of bureaucracy by implying the facts like control and regulation; Amakudari and administrative guidance in the favor of bureaucracy dominace. The author further argues that national bureaucracy control and regulates the functioing and production of business community and strictly holds its authority over private-sector companies in Japan. The dominance of bureaucrats over private business sector is well-acknowledged. To support this argument regarding bureaucracy hold on private sector business world, the author has provided some details of the rights that bereaucracy have, like selection of intelligent graduates from university for their management abilities and incorporating them in government sector. By controlling the official’s appointment in government sector, bureaucracy is often believed as real power holder of the nation by many people. Government sector is capable to hold its control over the developme nt of private business sector by managing the activities of production, sales and distribution; but the insight regarding the dominance of bureaucracy over private sectors appears quite appealing. The author adds further weight to the perception of bureaucracy control by exposing the dependency of muncipal governments on the subsidies from natural government as they have restricted rights for

Elementary Math Methods Essay Example for Free

Elementary Math Methods Essay The aim of this practice is to help students understand place value concepts such as ones, tens, hundreds and grouping. In the activity, students are encouraged to record school days using straws. They add up the straws every day until they total to ten so as to transfer the bundle to a tens pocket. Depending on the grade level, they can go further to group the tens bundles to make a pocket of one hundred straws. In addition, students are told to note down the right integers to represent the number of bundles and number of single straws (Kawas, 2010a). Place Value Race http://www. theteachersguide. com/Mathactivities3. html This practice engages students in some sort of competition aimed at assisting them understand place value of integers (0-9) according to their position in a number. The students are grouped into two and each group given a set of red, yellow, blue and orange colored cards. The students are then instructed to select a color to stand for each place value (e. g. yellow for ones, red for tens, blue for hundreds etc) (Math Activities III, n. d. ). The instructor then says a number (let say 3456) and the groups compete to create the number using the cards. The first group to create the number is awarded some points and the game continues until all students have participated effectively. Number Line-Up http://www. mathwire. com/numbersense/morepv. html The aim of this place value activity is to help students to develop and master place value concepts of numbers. Some students are given demo cards and instructed to go in front while the rest remain on their desks with integer cards (Kawas, 2010b). The teacher says a number and instructs students at front to line up in such a manner to create the number while those at the desks are required to organize the cards to create the same number. After creating the number, students are asked to say the integer at the tens or hundreds, or thousands position. To encourage creativity among the students, the teacher can randomly choose a student to give out directions for creating the numbers to the other students. Conclusion School Day Count Routine practice helps students understand place value concepts such as ones, hundreds and grouping. On the other hand, the other two activities are aimed at encouraging students to master place value ideas such as tens, hundreds and ones etc. References Kawas, T. (2010a). Place value activities: School day count routine. Mathwire. com. August 9, 2010. http://www. mathwire. com/numbersense/placevalue. html Kawas, T. (2010b). More place value activities: Number line-up. Mathwire. com. August 9, 2010. http://www. mathwire. com/numbersense/morepv. html Place value race. (n. d. ). Math Activities III. August 9, 2010. http://www. theteachersguide. com/Mathactivities3. html

The Future World Energy Crisis

The Future World Energy Crisis Nowadays, energy has been depicted as a basic need in the human life. For example, to type this paper I need electrical energy for computer, lighting, air conditioner, etc. from this example, its clear that we need so much energy for doing something that is simple like typing. From paragraph above we can see that humans need much energy for doing their activity even its only one activity. If we look closer into this activity, we need more than just one kind of energy. This means, we need tremendous amount of energy to just do a simple thing like making report or paper, actually if there is no energy. Definition From those examples, we can define that energy is a scalar physical quantity that describes the amount of work that can be performed by a force, an attitude of objects and systems that is subject to a conversion law, it is required to do any kind of activity, and even just for reading this paper we need some amount of energy. In general energy is a really important part of our life. Forms of Energy Energy can be divided into many kinds, according to the criteria there is different forms of energy include kinetic, potential, thermal, gravitational, sound, light, elastic, and electromagnetic energy, there is still another type of energy that are indirectly shown in our lives for chemical energy Think about it, if one single daily activity we need so much energy, than we need more energy to do all of our activity in a single day. So, its obvious that the energy will soon depleted, considering that we use so much energy in one day, or even at only one hour. By looking at this fact, the world surely will face an energy crisis soon. Kind of energy sources There are several kinds of energy sources that scientist has divided energy into classified two categories by their renewability, which are not renewable energy source (hard energy technology) and renewable energy source (soft energy technology). Not renewable energy source are the source of energy that needs a very long time to regenerate, for example: crude oil, charcoal, and earth gas. Coal, for example, needs about more than million years to be available again, the process from the plants for fossilize, creating coal. Meanwhile renewable energy source are the source of energy that always be available with a huge amount and almost limitless, this energy source is either too many or very quickly to regenerate, for example: solar energy, wind, hydro, and biomass. For example, wind is a renewable energy, because wind will never depleted, no matter how much wind that you use, another example is solar energy, which we can use solar as an energy source. Not renewable energy source can be depleted since the rate of their utilization far exceeds the rate at which they are formed. This source of energy is the ones that we use in global scale because their energy is larger than the ones from renewable energy The renewable solar energy is subdivided into direct and indirect types. Sunlight that used directly can produce electricity, heat or derive a chemical reaction. It is used indirectly when it drives other processes, biological chemical or climatic mechanical, which in turn are used as the sources of energy. The energy sources can be classified in a number of ways based on the nature of their transaction, as commercial and noncommercial sources of energy. All energy resources, particularly the commercial ones, are natural. Coal, oil and nuclear sources constitute commercial sources, while firewood, biomass and animal dung constitute non-commercial sources. Also, the energy sources are classified based on animate and inanimate characteristics. Energy sources could also be classified as exhaustible/depletable or non-depletable/renewable resources. The distinguishing feature of an exhaustible resource is that, it gets exhausted when used as an input of a production process, and at the same time, its undisturbed role of growth is nil. That is if the temporal services provided by a given stock of an exhaustible resource are finite. Nowadays, people tend to use un-renewable energy, since it is much easier to process and easier to use. However, we cant keep this forever, because our energy need keep increasing from time to time, while the source of energy are slow to regenerate. The result will be quite fatal, as there will no more energy source available to be used, for instance, the oil reserves in the world would be depleted, it would be happen about 32 years from now if the use of oil on the constant rate. Energy crisis in very dangerous and must be prevented at all cost. It can create disaster; as the energy still needed by human; and declination of world economics and quality of life. For example if there is no more oil, then we cannot use transportations, and then business will be plummeted since goods can no longer be transported. Without electricity, we almost cannot operate anything that needs electricity, like example: computer, hand phone, and other things. Imagine todays world, without any electricity, then our live would be miserable because almost of the invention need electricity. To avoid this crisis, scientist is trying to develop technology which can be used to utilize the un-renewable energy. Although it is a little late, as the use of oil and another un-renewable energy reserve were depleted, there is a hope for this method to succeed. This breakthrough in renewable energy utilization is aiming at energy conservation. By using renewable energy instead of that, we can acquire unlimited amount source of energy, and without fearing that it may depleted. Lately the vital source of our energy, mainly oil and coal, are in danger. Unless we found such way using alternative energy to replace its function, we will face the energy shortage, our civilization would be crippled, and thats why we need to pay close attention of how we use a device with this kind of energy as its source. In nowadays we still use the energy, but the need of the energy isnt turning down but rather increasing, this is the causes of energy crisis in future, and also there are some problems like war or terrorist attack (i.e. oil field that got burned,), etc. Energy Crisis An energy crisis is any great bottleneck (or price rise) in the supply of energy resources to an economy. In popular literature though, it often refers to one of the energy sources used at a certain time and place, it has about to come for about 30 years later (if the rate use of energy is constant) then there would be peak oil or oil crisis age, about 40-50 years later there wouldnt be any more cheap energy or rather there wouldnt be any energy left for use. Historical Crises 1970s Energy Crisis Cause: peaking of oil production in major industrial nations (Germany, U.S., Canada, etc.) and embargos from other producers 1973 oil crisis Cause: an OPEC oil export embargo by many of the major Arab oil-producing states, in response to western support of Israel during the Yom Kippur War 1979 oil crisis Cause: the Iranian revolution 1990 spike in the price of oil Cause: the Gulf War The 2000-2001 California electricity crisis Cause: failed deregulation, and business corruption. The UK fuel protest of 2000 Cause: Raise in the price of crude oil combined with already relatively high taxation on road fuel in the UK. North American natural gas crisis Argentine energy crisis of 2004 North Korea has had energy shortages for many years. Zimbabwe has experienced a shortage of energy supplies for many years due to financial mismanagement. Political riots occurring during the 2007 Burmese anti-government protests were sparked by rising energy prices. Energy shortages The crises that exist as of 2008 include: Oil price increases since 2003 Caused by continued global increases in petroleum demand coupled with production stagnation, the falling value of the U.S. dollar, and a myriad of other secondary causes. 2008 Central Asia energy crisis: caused by abnormally cold temperatures and low water levels in an area dependent on hydroelectric power. Despite having significant hydrocarbon reserves, in February 2008 the President of Pakistan announced plans to tackle energy shortages that were reaching crisis stage. At the same time the South African President was appeasing fears of a prolonged electricity crisis in South Africa. South African electrical crisis: The South African crisis, which may last to 2012, lead to large price rises for platinum in February 2008 and reduced gold production. China experienced severe energy shortages towards the end of 2005 and again in early 2008. During the latter crisis they suffered severe damage to power networks along with diesel and coal shortages. Supplies of electricity in Guangdong province, the manufacturing hub of China, are predicted to fall short by an estimated 10 GW. It has been predicted that in the coming years after 2009 that the United Kingdom will suffer an energy crisis due to its commitments to reduce coal fired power stations, its politicians unwillingness to set up new nuclear power stations to replaces those that will be de-commissioned in a few years (even though they will not be running in time to stop a full blown crisis) and unreliable sources and sources that are running out of oil and gas. It is therefore predicted that the UK may have regular blackouts like South Africa. Energy management An electricity shortage is felt most by those who depend on electricity for their heating, cooking and water supply. In these circumstances a sustained energy crisis may become a humanitarian crisis. If an energy shortage is prolonged a crisis management phase is enforced by authorities. Energy audits may be conducted to monitor usage. Various curfews with the intention of increasing energy conservation may be initiated to reduce consumption. To conserve power during the Central Asia energy crisis, authorities in Tajikistan ordered bars and cafes to operate by candlelight. [9] Warnings issued that peak demand power supply might not be sustained. In the worst kind of energy crisis energy rationing and fuel rationing may be incurred. Panic buying may beset outlets as awareness of shortages spread. Facilities close down to save on heating oil; and factories cut production and lay off workers. The risk of stagflation increases. Alternative energy sources Definition Alternative energy is an umbrella term that refers to any source of usable energy intended to replace fuel sources without the undesired consequences of the replaced fuels There are several definitions of the Alternative Energy which are: Oxford Dictionary energy fuelled in ways that do not use up natural resources or harm the environment. Princeton WordNet energy derived from sources that do not use up natural resources or harm the environment. Responding to Climate Change 2007 energy derived from nontraditional sources (e.g., compressed natural gas, solar, hydroelectric, wind). Natural Resources Defense Council energy that is not popularly used and is usually environmentally sound, such as solar or wind energy (as opposed to fossil fuels). Materials Management Services Fuel sources that are other than those derived from fossil fuels. Typically used interchangeably for renewable energy. Examples include: wind, solar, biomass, wave and tidal energy. Torridge District Council Energy generated from alternatives to fossil fuel. Need not be renewable. The general Definition is an energy sources that can be used to replace un-renewable energy that are renewable but sometimes with side effect, sometimes alternative energy that wont create side effect are called Green energy. In response to the petroleum crisis, the principles of green energy and sustainable living movements gain popularity. This has led to increasing interest in alternate power/fuel research such as fuel cell technology, liquid nitrogen economy, hydrogen fuel, methanol, biodiesel, Karrick process, solar energy, geothermal energy, tidal energy, wave power, and wind energy, and fusion power. To date, only hydroelectricity and nuclear power have been significant alternatives to fossil fuel. Hydrogen gas is currently produced at a net energy loss from natural gas, which is also experiencing declining production in North America and elsewhere. When not produced from natural gas, hydrogen still needs another source of energy to create it, also at a loss during the process. This has led to hydrogen being regarded as a carrier of energy, like electricity, rather than a source. The unproven dehydrogenating process has also been suggested for the use water as an energy source. Efficiency mechanisms such as Negawatt power can encourage significantly more effective use of current generating capacity. It is a term used to describe the trading of increased efficiency, using consumption efficiency to increase available market supply rather than by increasing plant generation capacity. As such, it is a demand-side as opposed to a supply-side measure. Role of the Alternative Energy Alternative Energy are supposed to replace fuel but there are several effects as well, which are: Alternative Energy help our environment by not producing harmful emissions (some of them) because they doesnt create any pollutant It can be accessed anywhere on the planet with the right equipment It will create thousands of job opportunities It will save you a lot of budget (just for personal use) Consequences of using Alternative Energy Alternative Energy, which can replace un-renewable energy still have its own flaws, for example: some of them are theoretically flaw (it was impossible to do that or there still needed some research, etc.) or some of them are expensive, the energy source needs to be produced using high technology, the other reason is because the source only produce very small amount of energy that it doesnt enough to replace the fuel source Energy Saving Energy Consumption In some country there is daylight saving which is electricity saving in summer that the time in the some country are fast forwarded in some country, if the time is at 12:00 pm then the time in the clock is about 10-11:00 am. Some of the country doing some regulation to save the energy like regular blackout, use mass amount of solar panel, using recycled items, and use of wind energy (like in Dutch) Conclusion From the text above we can conclude that humans need to search for another energy sources (Alternative Energy).Its necessary because the energy will soon depleted, and without energy, there is nothing we can do. So if we start to search for alternate energy and do the energy saving then we can evade the worldwide energy crisis.

Lord Of The Flies Vs. Huck Fin :: essays research papers

Responsibility   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In today’s society, human beings must learn to take care of something or someone,and that is a responsibility that they must uphold. In both the Lord of the Flies, and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the responsibility of the boys is to manage by themselves without any adults to take care of them. The events in William Golding’s book Lord of the Flies can be easily compared to those of Mark Twain’s book, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, because the main characters both have major responsibilities. There are two responsibilities that the characters came in contact with, taking care of people,including themselves, and being responsible enough to do the right thing. Thus, responsibility helps individuals to evolve and mature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Taking care of yourself, as well as others is an enormous responsibility. In both books, the main characters must take care of themselves because they do not know who they can trust. The boys in the Lord of the Flies basically have to live their own lives, for they are on an island with no one to run to except themselves, or some of the other boys that they trust. Although, the ones they trust are already fending for themselves. The characters all go through changes as they adjust to their new world, and become different people because of it. In example to this, Jack seems like a strong willed character at the start of the book, but the other boys never would have imagined he would turn into a cold blooded killer. Therefore, they must learn to take care of themselves for they can not depend on Jack or any of the older boys, to be there for each and every one of them. It is proven that each boy has this responsibility in the following quote;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Merridew turned to Ralph. ‘Aren’t there any grown-ups?’ ‘No.’   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Merridew sat down on a trunk and looked round the circle. ‘Then   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  we’ll have to look after ourselves.’† (Golding 17)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is an immense responsibility for the boys, because they never had to live on their own before they arrived on the island. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, both Jim, the runaway nigger, and Huck choose the responsibility of taking care of themselves. This is because they both run away from the lives they had been living.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"But looky here, Huck, who wuz it dat ‘uz killed in dat shanty   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ef it warn’t you?

Critical Review: Bradley A. Thayer, Bring in Darwin: Evolutionary theor

In Thayer’s article, he makes an attempt to incorporate Darwin’s Evolutionary Theory into the international security studies. The article tries to answer a central question that what are the implications of Evolutionary theory to realist theory of international security and in what way can peace be achieved if warfare is part of human nature? This paper agrees with Thayer that Evolutionary theory provides a scientific theory foundation for realism and is an ultimate cause for war and ethnic conflicts, as well as the assumption that origin of war is intrinsic in human nature as part of their evolution history. This paper will also suggest that a balanced structure of the world could contribute to temporary peace. But it need to be noted that the theory is also limited since Evolution theory could not fully explain many other forms of security problems like civil wars and terrorism. To review Thayer’s article, first, the paper will briefly explain how Evolutionary theory act as an ultimate cause for realist theory in terms of two human traits: egoism and domination. Following that, the paper will discuss the implications of Evolutionary theory to international relations. This paper will also evaluate the theory by comparing it with Waltz’s and Gleditsch’s theory on peace and war. Finally, it will conclude the paper by summarizing main points. Thayer seeks to understand Evolutionary theory as the ultimate cause of realism. In Evolutionary theory, humans like other animals have to evolve to survive and reproduce from natural selection, which develops two basic human traits: egoism and dominance (Thayer, 2000, p.130). In order to survive and for fitness, an organism tends to places its security over the others and according to Evoluti... ...dens the understanding of international relations and correspondingly broadens the understanding of security. Built on Thayer’s and Waltz’s theory, the paper suggests that structure of the international system is central to international security and to achieve peace, suitable strategies are necessary to balance the power relations. While it should not be ignored that the Evolution theory still falls within realism realm with many other forms of complex security problems unexplained. Reference: Gleditsch, N. P. (1999). Peace and democracy. Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict, 2, 643-652. Thayer, B. A. (2000). Bring to darwin: evolutionary theory, realism and international relations. International Security, 25(2), 124-151. Waltz, K. N. (1988). The origins of war in neorealist theory. Journal of Interdisciplinary History, XVIII(4), 615-628.

Light Essay -- essays research papers

LIGHT: A FUNDAMENTAL FORCE IN OUR WORLD If asked what light is, one could say that it's one of the most basic elements of our world and our universe as we perceive it. It is through sight that we receive 90% of our information. It is through the use of telescopes aiding the naked eye that we are aware of the heavenly bodies around us. It is through light that the energy from the sun is transferred to us. The sun's energy supports the food chain; plants use it to turn water and CO2 into energy usable by other organisms. Solar energy was also used, indirectly, to produce all of the fossil fuels that we consume daily. Since light is such a basic part of our existence, we should have a basic understanding of what it is. What we call light, the intangible, powerful force that powers our world, is somewhat hard to define in real terms. It shares properties with both particles and waves. It follows the same rules as a wave does--it moves in a regular fashion, in a perfect sine wave at a certain frequency. It travels in a straight line, and is subject to refraction. All of these characteristics are found in waves of any type, from radio frequency waves, up to Gamma and X- rays. Light, however, also exhibits qualities characteristic of particles such as neutrons and protons. A photon, or quanta, is the "packet" of energy that is sent in a light wave. Like a particle, the photon is believed to have a fi... Light Essay -- essays research papers LIGHT: A FUNDAMENTAL FORCE IN OUR WORLD If asked what light is, one could say that it's one of the most basic elements of our world and our universe as we perceive it. It is through sight that we receive 90% of our information. It is through the use of telescopes aiding the naked eye that we are aware of the heavenly bodies around us. It is through light that the energy from the sun is transferred to us. The sun's energy supports the food chain; plants use it to turn water and CO2 into energy usable by other organisms. Solar energy was also used, indirectly, to produce all of the fossil fuels that we consume daily. Since light is such a basic part of our existence, we should have a basic understanding of what it is. What we call light, the intangible, powerful force that powers our world, is somewhat hard to define in real terms. It shares properties with both particles and waves. It follows the same rules as a wave does--it moves in a regular fashion, in a perfect sine wave at a certain frequency. It travels in a straight line, and is subject to refraction. All of these characteristics are found in waves of any type, from radio frequency waves, up to Gamma and X- rays. Light, however, also exhibits qualities characteristic of particles such as neutrons and protons. A photon, or quanta, is the "packet" of energy that is sent in a light wave. Like a particle, the photon is believed to have a fi...

The Relationship Between Policy, Statutes, and Regulations in Environmental Law

Environmental policy is the official stance or statement by a government or organization which provides a framework for its environmental objectives. (C2E2. org, 2011)The US Government Environmental policy is contained in the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA). Congress declared under section 4331(a) of NEPA that it is â€Å"the continuing policy of the federal government†¦ to create and maintain conditions under which man and nature can exist in productive harmony, and to fulfill the social, economic, and other requirements of present and future generations of Americans. (U. S. Congress, 1969) Environmental statutes are the written will or act of the legislature with regard to expressing the stated environmental policy. (Lectric Law Library, 2011) NEPA functions in this capacity by enabling the EPA to promulgate regulations in order to set forth guidelines by which other agencies must comply in order to satisfy the intent of NEPA. Environmental regulations act as the forcing mechanism with which to gain compliance with the statute as set forth under the policy. Continuing to use NEPA as an example, the US Government environmental policy is contained in NEPA (the statute) which prescribes regulations that aim at protecting the environment. Most noteably, the EPA issued regulations regarding Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) and Environmental Assessments (AE) assess the possible environmental impacts of proposed government projects and there alternatives – and are required from all federal agencies. (US EPA, 2011)

Macro Enviroment

Contents Topic PRELIMINARY MATEIALS1. Cover Page2. Table of Contents3. Summary2. 0 BODY OF REPORT Analysis of Mars:2. 1 Introduction2. 2 Introduction to Mars description2. 3 Mars history and development2. 4 The Macro environment2. 4. 1 Demographic forces2. 4. 2 Economic Forces2. 4. 3 Natural Forces2. 4. 4 Technological Forces2. 4. 5 Political Forces2. 4. 6 Cultural Forces2. 5 Organizations within the industry2. 5. 1 Market Position2. 5. 2 Target Markets2. 5. 3 The Marketing Mix (4P’s)2. 5. 3. 1 Product2. 5. 3. 2 Price2. 5. 3. 3 Promotion2. 5. 3. Place2. 6. Strength and weakness of Mars2. 6. 1 Strengths2. 6. 2 Weaknesses2. 6. 3 Opportunities2. 6. 4 Threads2. 7 Conclusion2. 8 References3. 0 BODY OF REPORT   Analysis of Kit Kat:3. 1 Introduction3. 2 Introduction of Kit Kat description:3. 3 Kit Kat history and brand development3. 3. 1 Varieties product of Kit Kat3. 4 Macro environment:3. 4. 1 Demographic Force3. 4. 2 Economic Force3. 4. 3 Natural Force3. 4. 4 Technological Force 3. 4. 5 Political Force3. 4. 6 Cultural Force3. 5 Organizations within the industry3. 5. 1 Market Position3. 5. 2 Target Markets3. 5. 3 The Marketing Mix (4P’s)3. 5. 3. 1 Product3. 5. 3. 2 Price3. 5. 3. 3 Promotion3. 5. 3. 4 Place3. 6 The analysis of the business environment3. 6. 1 Strength3. 6. 2 Weaknesses3. 6. 3 Opportunities3. 6. 4 Threat3. 7 Conclusion3. 8 References1. 4 SummaryIn this assignment of brand analysis and information, products that I choose are chocolate brands. Two brand that been analyze is Mars and Kit Kat in China’s Market. Basically, Mars Incorporated is a family owned company that produces some of the world’s leading confectionery; food and pet care products and has a growing beverage and health & nutrition businesses. Mars incorporated was founded in 1911. It operates in more than 65 countries and employed more than 40,000 associates worldwide. The company’s global sales are approximately $21 billion annually. SWOT analysis is taken in consideration to match the company’s strength to attractive opportunities in the environment, while estimating or overcoming the weakness and minimizing the threats Besides that, Kit Kat products are under Nestle Company. Nestle is the largest food company in the world measured by revenue. Nestle was formed in 1905 by the merger of the Anglo-Swiss Company. Nestle set several qualitative objectives on people who consume Kit Kat, with the vision that Kit Kat would be the natural choice for all breaks. Kit Kat is one of the world’s leading chocolate brands. There were different variety of flavour and shape of Kit Kat products being develop. In macro environment, there are some factor that can have a big impact in it which includes demographic force, economic force, natural force, technological force, political force and cultural force. SWOT analysis is taken in consideration to match the company’s strength to attractive opportunities in the environment, while estimating or overcoming the weakness and minimizing the threats. ANALYSIS OF MARS 2. 1 INTRODUCTION Mars  which is also  called Mars bar is a  chocolate bar  manufactured by  Mars, Incorporated. It was first manufactured in  Slough,  Berkshirein the United Kingdom in 1932 as a sweeter version of the US  Milky Way bar  which Mars, Inc. Produced. It was advertised to the trade as being made with Cadbury's chocolate as ‘couverture'. In the United States, a different confection bears the Mars bar name. Featuring nougat, soft caramel, and almonds coated in milk chocolate, the American Mars bar was relaunched in 2010 after being discontinued in 2002. Mars is a very private company, which rarely interacts with the media because it wants to be known for its products rather than its executives. The company’s secrecy is legendary, and many rumors have circulated about the Mars’ management skills and other business factors. The business’ structure is unconventional with no executive offices and no executive parking spaces. Low ranking and high ranking executives sit together to improve functionality and communication. Mars runs its business based on the philosophy of five principals: Quality:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The consumer is our boss, quality is our work and value for money is our goal. Responsibility: â€Å"As individuals we demand the total responsibility from ourselves; as associates we support the responsibilities of others. † Mutuality:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A mutual benefit is a shared benefit; a shared benefit will endure. † Efficiency:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"We use resources to the full, waste nothing and do only what we can do best. † Freedom:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"We need freedom to shape our future; we need profit to remain free. † 2. 2 INTRODUCTION TO MARS DESCRIPTION Mars, Incorporated  is an American manufacturer of  confectionery, pet food, and other food products with  US$30 billion in annual sales in 2010, and is ranked as the 5th largest privately held company in the United States by Forbes. Mars, Incorporated, through its subsidiaries, engages in producing and selling chocolates, pet care, and food products in the United States and internationally. It provides pet medicine, nutrition, and food products; ready-made meals, sauces, relishes, and cooking aids; chocolates, chewing gums, candies, and mints; and drinks, including hot chocolate drinks, teas, and coffees. The company also offers insights to dog owners; DNA testing kits for canines; natural substrates to grow plants; and CocoaVia, which provides products that allow cocoa flavanols for healthy lifestyle. Mars believes in implementing their five guiding principles like quality, responsibility, mutuality, efficiency and freedom at all levels of choices made by the company, and the manner in which Mars does business. Mars, Incorporated is generating global sales of more than $28 billion annually and operating in six business segments: Chocolate, Petcare, Wrigley Gum and Confections, Food, Drinks, and Symbioscience. These sections produce some of the world’s leading brands: Chocolate – M&M’S ®, SNICKERS ®, DOVE ®, GALAXY ®, MARS ®, MILKY WAY ® and TWIX ®; Petcare – PEDIGREE ®, WHISKAS ®, SHEBA ®, CESAR ®, NUTRO ®, GREENIES ®, and ROYAL CANIN ®; Wrigley – ORBIT ®, EXTRA ®, STARBURST ®, DOUBLEMINT ® and SKITTLES ®; Food – UNCLE BEN’S ®, DOLMIO ®, EBLY ®, MASTERFOODS ® and SEEDS OF CHANGE ®; Drinks – KLIX ® and FLAVIA ®; Symbioscience – WISDOM PANELâ„ ¢, SERAMIS ®, CIRKUHEALTHâ„ ¢ and COCOAPRO ®. 2. 3 MARS HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT Mars Incorporated is a family owned company that produces some of the world’s leading confectionery; food and pet care products and has a growing beverage and health & nutrition businesses. It was founded in 1911, the company manufactures and markets a variety of products under many of the world’s most recognizable trademarks, including MILKYWAY ®, M&M’s ®, SNICKERS ®, MARS ®, UNCLE BEN’S ® Rice, and PEDIGREE ® and WHISKAS ® pet care products. Its headquartered are in McLean, Virginia, Mars Incorporated operates in more than 65 countries and employed more than 40,000 associates worldwide. The company’s global sales are approximately $21 billion annually. Frank Mars was born in Minnesota, USA in 1882. Due to mild polio his walking was impaired. His mother taught him to hand dip chocolate as a means to keep him entertained. Frank married in 1902 and in 1904, Forrest Mars Sr. was born, in Minnesota. Frank Mars and his second wife started making and selling butter cream candies from their third home in Washington, in 1911. This led them to renting their first candy factory, the Mars Candy factory Inc, which employed 125 staff. In 1920, Frank moved to a larger site in Minnesota, which he called nougat house. The Mar-o-bar was introduced to the candy range in 1922. With a larger site for distribution of this candy the Mar-o-bar company was launched. After three years of researching, the Milky Way candy bar was introduced and was an instant success. Sales increased and more staff was hired. In 1929 Mars incorporated, now with 200 staff, relocated from Minneapolis to Chicago. The central location of Chicago offered a better railroad access to the rest of the country. The Snickers bar was launched in 1930. Forrest Mars Snr arrived in the UK in Slough to start his own business in 1932. The Mars confectionary business diversifies with the acquisition of the dog food business in the UK. M&M’S ® Brand Milk Chocolate Candies were initially sold to the general public in 1941 and gained popularity from the American GIs serving in World War II. The delicious confection was packed in a tube and served with their food rations. M&M’S ® Milk Chocolate Candies were sold in the military as a neat, convenient snack that traveled well in any climate. By the late 1940s, M&M’S ® Milk Chocolate Candies became widely available to the public and the reception was excellent. As America entered the 1950s, M&M’S ® Milk Chocolate Candies became a household name, particularly with the growth of television. In 1954, M&M’S ® Peanut Chocolate Candies were introduced and the sales of both varieties continued to grow. That same year the universally loved M&M’S ® Brand Characters and the famous slogan, â€Å"The Milk Chocolate Melts in Your Mouth, Not in Your Hand ®,† debuted in the brand’s initial TV advertising. The popularity of M&M’S ® Chocolate Candies continued throughout the 1960s and 1970s as the brand firmly established itself as an icon of American culture. Even with decades of phenomenal success behind it, Mars North America never forgot that quality and consumer satisfaction were paramount. M&M’S ® Chocolate Candies have continued to be a part of recent American history. In 1982, M&M’S ® Chocolate Candies were the first candy chosen by space shuttle astronauts to be included in their food supply. M&M’S ® Chocolate Candies are now on permanent display at the space food exhibit of the National Air & Space Museum in Washington, D. C. In 1984, M&M’S ® Chocolate Candies supported international athletes as the Official Snack of the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles. The 1990s brought two new products to the M&M’S ® Chocolate Candies family. In 1990, the company began selling M&M’S ® Peanut Butter Candies. M&M’S ® Almond Chocolate Candies, first introduced as a seasonal product in 1988, went national in 1992. For many years, M&M’S ® Chocolate Candies have offered a variety of vivid seasonal blends to highlight the holidays, including Christmas, Valentine’s Day, Easter and Halloween. In 1995, consumers across the country became a part of M&M’S ® Chocolate Candies history by voting the addition of a new color to the mix. Americans chose between pink, purple, blue or no change. An astounding 10,234,142 votes later, the color blue won by a landslide and appeared in packages everywhere in September of that year. The year 1996 will be remembered as the year M&M’S ® lovers began to customize their color combinations with 21 colors in special dispensers located in selected specialty stores across the country. In 2005, MY M&M’S ® launched as a personalized printing option online at mymms. com, providing consumers the opportunity to print custom messages on a selection of 22 different colored M&M’S ® to celebrate everyday occasions. The historic moment in 1997 was the debut of Ms. Green, the first femM&M’S ® Character. Ms. Green has starred in a number of commercials with the popular Emmy Award-winning comedian Dennis Miller. A multi-faceted motivational speaker and author, Green was on tour promoting her autobiography, I Melt For No One, and has quickly achieved the celebrity status of her male live-action colleagues – Red, Yellow and Blue M&M’S ® Characters. In 1998, the M&M’S ® Brand Spokescandies declared themselves the â€Å"Official Candy of the New Millenniumâ„ ¢. † Since MM means 2000 in Roman Numerals, M&M’S ® Chocolate Candies was the only candy brand that could make that connection, leveraging the Millennium fever for all it as worth. Another major milestone for the M&M’S ® Brand occurred in early January 1999 with the national introduction of M&M’S ® Crispy Chocolate Candies, a crispy rice center surrounded by milk chocolate and covered with a chocolate candy shell. At the same time, the M&M’S ® Crispy Character made his debut for the 1999 Super Bowl. Crispy, the neurotic, orange Character, starred in seven different television spots featuring famous celebrities Halle Berry, Diedrich Bader and Patrick Warburton. In June of 2000, Red, the famous M&M’S ® Spokescandy, had a celebration of his own. After years of trying, Red finally convinced the company he didn’t want to be called â€Å"Plain,† anymore. As a result, the No. 1 candy brand in the world is now known as M&M’S ® Milk Chocolate. M&M’S ® Milk Chocolate Candies, its tagline now said, have the â€Å"Same Great Taste, Much Better Name. † In 2002, M&M’S ® asked the world, â€Å"What color would you choose? † in the first-ever GLOBAL COLOR VOTEâ„ ¢. The GLOBAL COLOR VOTEâ„ ¢ marked the largest promotion ever in the 61-year history of M&M’S ®. Voters in more than 200 countries voted on which color – pink, purple or aqua – would join the famous M&M’S ® mix. Voters hailed from all ends of the Earth. Approximately 10 million votes were cast and purple was crowned the winning color. In 2004, the M&M’S ® Brand experienced a color disruption where all M&M’S ® turned black and white. The company launched the Great Color Quest contest, which led consumers to collect black and white M&M’S ® bags. Six bags featuring all the colors were scattered across the country waiting to be found. Eventually the colors returned with a larger signature â€Å"m† on each candy and a new blend of color for a brighter mix. The year 2006 marked the permanent introduction of M&M’S ® Dark. The brand declared â€Å"Dark Just Got Fun† by having the spokescandy Red appear in famous art masterpieces. Red first appeared playing hopscotch on Edvard Munch’s famous existential masterpiece, â€Å"The Scream,† which had been stolen from the Oslo Museum one year earlier in a highly publicized international art theft. The brand announced a reward of 2 million dark chocolate M&M’S ® for the recovery. Just days after the announcement, the painting was found by Norwegian police, which begged the questions, â€Å"Was it the M&M’S ®? † In 2007, M&M’S ® revealed â€Å"Lady Liberty’s† fun side with a 50-foot statue in New York Harbor. The smiling statue kicked off a new campaign encouraging all Americans to find their Inner M&M (or fun side) inside of them at mms. com. The M&M’S ® Brand has represented superior quality and enjoyment to consumers since Mr. Frank C. Mars founded the brand in 1940. The appeal of M&M’S ® Chocolate Candies is universal, crossing age, gender and national boundaries and bringing colorful chocolate fun to everyone. On Valentine’s Day 2008, Ms. Green fanned the flames on decades of speculation that The Green Ones hold special aphrodisiac powers. The brand celebrated the myths, rumors and innuendo surrounding The Green Ones by displaying limited-edition all-green M&M’S ® Chocolate Candies amidst the holiday’s traditional sea of red and pink. Packages of the candies included the following disclaimer: â€Å"Consumption of The Green Ones ® may result in elevated Romance Levels. If you experience this effect, contact your Significant Other immediately. † An online campaign encouraged American fans to interact and show their support for Ms. Green in her quest to make green the new color of love. Later in 2008, M&M’S ® introduced a fun new way to experience premium chocolate through the introduction of M&M’S ® Premiums – from the shimmering gem-like way the chocolate candy looked to the variety of exotic tastes, M&M’S ® Premiums redefined the premium chocolate experience. Today, there are more than nine permanent varieties of M&M’S ® Chocolate Candies, and then Seasonal Candies made for special occasions including Easter, Halloween and Valentine’s Day. Customers seem to be most passionate about the color found in each bag of M&M’S ® Chocolate Candies. Existing product lines include: M&M’S ® Milk Chocolate Candies, M&M’S ® Dark Chocolate Candies, M&M’S ® Premiums, M&M’S ® Peanut Chocolate Candies, M&M’S ® Dark Chocolate Peanut Candies, M&M’S ® Almond Chocolate Candies, M&M’S ® Peanut Butter Chocolate Candies, M&M’ ®Chocolate Mini Baking Bits, MY M&M’S ® Milk Chocolate Candies, and M&M’S ® MINIS ® Milk Chocolate Candies. SNICKERS The SNICKERS ® Bar was first introduced to the public in 1930. The SNICKERS ® name came from a favorite horse of the Mars family. SNICKERS ® Bar is made of peanut butter nougat topped with caramel and roasted peanuts and covered with milk chocolate. The peanuts are crisp-textured special grade, which have great flavor and stay fresh. From 1933 to 1935, SNICKERS ® Bar was a two-piece bar and was called â€Å"Double SNICKERS. † In 1936, the bar returned to a single format. During the next 50 years, the SNICKERS ® Bar evolved into various sizes. In 1953, handy Snickers six-packs were created for in-home consumption. In 1979, â€Å"Fun-Size† SNICKERS ® Bars hit candy shelves nationwide. In 1990, the introduction of bite-size SNICKERS ® â€Å"Miniatures† proved satisfying to even the slightest of appetites. In 1984, SNICKERS ® Bar became the Official Snack Food sponsor of the Olympics in Los Angeles. SNICKERS ® Brand launched its first ice cream product, the SNICKERS ® Ice Cream Cone, during National Ice Cream Month in July 1994. The SNICKERS ® Ice Cream Bar was introduced two years later in 1996. SNICKERS ® Bar is currently the number-one-selling candy bar in the United States and is consistently named as the â€Å"Favorite Candy Brand† across all age groups in the U. S. SNICKERS ® is sold in more than 70 countries around the world. In 2002, the UK Mars bar was reformulated and repackaged. This made it sell for more money. The nougat was made lighter, the chocolate on top became thinner, and the overall weight of the bar was reduced slightly. This was met with outrage from Mars purists, as in a sales pitch to local media in Slough, the change in ingredients was to follow the trend of its sister the Milky Way bar and 5 Star bars. Product designers at The Mars Candy Company in the US put this down to nostalgia over the past hugely popular  Starbar, which also contained the same reinvented ‘light whipped nougatine. The packaging was also redesigned with a less-bold and a more cursive logo. The slogan â€Å"Pleasure you can't measure†, was intended to appeal to a more feminine, youthful market. M&Ms Chocolate Candies were first sold in the year 1941. The candies were consumed by World War II soldiers, as the candies were an easily packaged energy snack. Forrest Mars Sr. invented the M&Ms recipe after witnessing soldiers from the Spanish Civil War â€Å"eati ng pellets of chocolate encased in a hard sugary coating† (Mars Incorporated, 2008). These candies were easy to take along, as they id not melt easily. M&Ms Plain Chocolate Candies were very popular in the 1940s and 50s. Mars introduced M&Ms Peanut Chocolate Candies in 1954, along with the characters and slogan, â€Å"The milk chocolate melts in your mouth—not in your hand†Ã‚ ®. The original candies were chocolate colored, with red, yellow and green introduced in 1960, and orange in 1976. In 2000, the name â€Å"M&Ms Plain Chocolate Candies† was changed to â€Å"M&Ms Milk Chocolate Candies†. Mars's purchase of Doane Petcare Company in June 2007 significantly increased its position in the U. S. dry pet food category. In addition to these businesses, Mars also operates a chain of premium chocolate shops across the United States called Ethel's. These shops are an outgrowth of the Ethel M premium chocolate business that Forrest Mars started in Las Vegas in 1980 when he became bored with retirement. On April 28, 2008, Mars, Incorporated, together with  Berkshire Hathaway Incorporated, announced the buyout of  Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company, the world's largest chewing gum producer, for $23 billion in an all-cash deal. The two companies together are expected to generate sales in excess of $27 billion. The company spent more than $1. 8 million on lobbying during 2008, almost all of it at  Patton Boggs, where it has long been one of the largest lobbying clients. Mars also spent $10,000 atSkadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom. In 2009, Mars also hired  Ernst & Young  to lobby on corporate and international tax issues, including issues related to tax changes proposed by the Obama administration. The company spent another $1,655,000 that year. Until sold in June 2006, a division of Mars known as  Mars Electronics International  produced, among other products, coin mechanisms such as those used in vending machines. MEI also manufactured  bill validators, which were among the most common bill validators found in the US. A further Mars business  Four Square   utilize those products formerly made at MEI in their vending machines. Four Square comprises the  Flavia  and  Klix  brands. Flavia  operates within the US, UK and Japanese markets, while  Klix  operates within UK, Germany and France. In 2007, Mars, Incorporated undertook a major rebranding operation which saw, among other global changes, Four Square being renamed to  Mars Drinks, the pet food division that is formerly part of Masterfoods being renamed to Mars Petfoods and Masterfoods itself (the largest division of Mars, Incorporated) being renamed to Mars Snacks. Mars has taken upon itself the responsibility of seeking to ensure that the company delivers mutual benefit to all with whom it interacts: associates, consumers, trade partners, our communities, and last but not least our planet. With a firm belief that the company’s actions should never be at the expense, economic or otherwise, of others with whom they work, Mars strongly believes that only success that is shared can be sustained and it is their goal to achieve this in all that they do. Mars firmly believes that contributing positively to the environment and local communities is critical to the way the company does business. This includes the company’s products, brands and operations. Mars formulates and implements its business plan with a full understanding of the fact that the company’s social, environmental and economic values and practices impact where Mars does business and how it operates, particularly given the scope and scale of the global environmental challenges. Mars also recognizes that their long-term economic growth is inter-linked with their ability to adhere to the definition of sustainability produced by the UN World Commission on Environment and Development in 1987 ; â€Å"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Mars’ commitment to sustainability builds on the company’s long-standing ethical commitment to the individual and the larger community. With the company’s fundamental belief being that the only lasting success is shared success, this means success across the social, economic and environmental spectrum. The Mars Scientific A dvisory Council (MSAC), established in 2007, extends the expertise and builds on the significant contributions of scientific advice provided through the Mars Nutrition Research Council which operated from 1998-2007. Composed of highly recognized researchers from all over the world and operating as an independent, external source of expert advice to Mars, Incorporated, the MSAC provides objective, expert scientific advice to Mars, Incorporated on advances, opportunities, and barriers to progress in human and animal health and nutrition research, plant sciences and sustainability, and in other areas of research relevant to the Company’s current and potential future product lines. A global leader among snackfood and food brands, Mars, Incorporated has a long history of marketing its products responsibly. Over the years Mars has adopted guidelines and policies for their advertising and marketing activities, reviewing and updating them periodically to reflect consumer feedback, new technologies, and the latest thinking by advertising self-regulatory bodies. The hallmark of Mars’ marketing commitments is their industry-leading policy to not advertise their snack and other food products to children under the age of 12. Mars also aims to promote the consumption of their products in the context of a healthy, active lifestyle and a balanced diet. 2. 4 The Macro Environment 2. 4. 1 Demographic forces This is attempted in terms of the consumers. The advertisements are aimed exclusively at the young and vigorous and almost exclusively at males. High income customers – it is estimated the age group buying the chocolates will be 22 onwards.. The customers are mostly urban, and are mostly professionals (engineers, doctors and executives. The psychographic profile: They can either be individuals indulging themselves, or they could be indulging their children. They are inner directed people who form their own values and norms and believe in not adhering blindly to social norms. They are somewhat occasion driven in their buying behaviour. Middle income customers – it is estimated that the age group in this segment will be 15 plus. The consumers can be urban, semi urban, and is currently spreading to rural areas. The psychographic profile: they are likely to be variety seeking in their behaviour. They are self expressing by nature and inner directed to an extent. They like to indulge themselves. Children – the upper age limit is estimated to be 12 years. They mostly purchase their chocolates with their pocket money. The consumers can be urban, semi urban, and rural, though their is a somewhat greater emphasis on urban. The psychographic profile: they are novelty seeking in behaviour but they are also fun loving. 2. 4. 2 Economic forces In August last year the price of cocoa was threatening to sky rocket as large swathes of the cocoa plantations in Papua New Guinea were infested by the Asian Moth. The region produces some 17% of the world’s cocoa. An infestation of a similar nature in Indonesia in 1998 caused some ? 13 million of damage. Mars were affected to such an extent that they sent out their own team to help eradicate the infestation. Mars are continuing to test a number of anti moth measures. (www. metro. co. uk 2006). The recent business decision to begin producing and using animal based rennet in the Mars bar has been disastrous. The resulting back lash from consumers in the Islamic faith, vegetarians and those with a strong social view on the use of rennet extracted from the lining of a calf’s stomach, has led to Mars making a U-turn on a business decision, apologising for its decision and giving an undertaking that they will return to producing a vegetarian product. Although this issue could be regarded as a social factor, it is in fact an issue of economics as Mars have identified the effect this decision would have on its sales (www. bbc. co. uk 2007). There has been a growth in the chocolate market, the majority of which has been with the high quality, high value products associated to some extent with the growth in disposable income across the developed world. The growth in the market has not necessarily had a positive effect on the sales of Mars due to the inexpensive and generic nature of the product. However, this nexpensive nature of the Mars Bar makes purchasing it an uncomplicated decision for consumers with no financial consequences that could lead the purchaser to regret making the original decision to purchase a Mars bar or to restrict the quantity or frequency of purchases. The largest markets for Mars are generally the more affluent and developed markets with little room for growth such as UK, USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealan d. The emerging and developing markets of India and China with a combined population of nearly 2 Billion individuals is a virtually untapped market of consumers. These markets would require a unique marketing strategy as although it has great potential, the regions are not known as great consumers of chocolate. Although a US product it is not known if the markets in India and China would take to it. For many geographic areas of both countries there would be concerns about refrigeration and chocolate melting, which would limit sales areas to main cities, and maybe bigger stores. nevertheless with the present level of mutual trade and the world’s general love of all things western it may not be a cause for concern. . 4. 3 Natural forces The  natural environment  involves natural resources that are needed as inputs by marketers or that are affected by marketing activities. The green movement has encouraged and even demanded that firms produce strategies that are not only environmentally friendly but are also environmentally proactive. Firms are beginning to recognize the link between a healthy economy and a healthy environment. There are large quantities of waste associated with the production of chocolate which includes waste chocolate product. Over the last five years the Mars manufacturing plant in Australia has reduced the amount of waste it sends to landfill by 90%. For every 3000 tonnes of product produced every month, 220 tonnes of waste is produced. This is now fed to piglets. The animal waste is collected as fertilizer and the gases produced by the fermenting animal waste is burnt and used to generate electricity. These initiatives are reducing the costs to the business. However any positives are offset by the amount of waste that is being produced across the entire industry and at all the other Mars plants. Mars also worked to reduce the quantity of plastic in its packaging. The most recent issue that has affected the Mars bar has been the disastrous business decision to introduce the use of animal rennet as an ingredient in its chocolate the resulting backlash as discussed earlier not only from those with personal and lifestyle sensibilities but also from those with a social conscience with regard to the treatment of animals. This led to Master foods making a U turn on a business decision. The chocolate industry as a whole has been under a political and social spotlight as discussed earlier. Consumers are becoming more ethically aware and are questioning the practices of those associated with the production of cocoa. The industry was heavily criticised over the use of â€Å"child slave labour†. Master foods along with its two rivals Nestle and Cadbury do not perform well when examined for their ethical practices. Mars does not even feature on the league table of those products that are deemed ethical, although it’s fair to say that the ethical names on the list are not household names (www. ethiscore. org 2007). The Mars bar is not produced under a fair trade or ethical banner, thus depriving consumers of a choice. They have a choice – they can buy Green and Blacks, or do without! The market in ethical or fair-trade usually caters for the higher quality chocolates which are priced at a premium. With the continued affluent western lifestyle leading to chronic obesity and ill health there has been a drive to improve the nutritional value of food and to reduce the quantity of high fat and high sugar food groups such as chocolates in our diets. Some members of the health and nutrition lobby are looking for draconian steps to be taken against the chocolate manufacturers to reduce their influence upon diets in a similar way that steps were taken against the tobacco industry. The chocolate industry has received threats about the banning of advertisements aimed at children and at peak times and on children’s television channels. Pre-empting this, Mars has declared that they are moving away from targeting children with their product, a positive social action of their own (www. bbc. co. k 2007). Any reduction in the use of Cocoa will ultimately affect some 26 million people around the world who are reliant upon the chocolate industry, which includes some six million cocoa farmers (www. mars. com 2007). 2. 4. 4 Technological forces To improve cocoa production yields and to guarantee production levels for the future, Mars is investing in research to produce disease resistant cocoa trees to prevent such catastrophes such as t he introduction of the disease â€Å"Witches Broom† which decimated the cocoa industry in Brazil in the 1990’s. Should cocoa supplies be affected, the manufacturer with a guaranteed supply of good quality cocoa should corner the market at the expense of its competitors (www. mars. com 2007). 2. 4. 5 Political forces Should the lobbyists become successful in their campaigns to restrict advertising of chocolates or force changes to reduce fat and sugar content of chocolate, or to have health warnings placed upon labels then this may not be through a voluntary code but through the introduction of legislation. This may denigrate chocolate and make it as socially unacceptable as cigarettes, which may have a profound effect on sales. The safe production of chocolate and how it is presented for sale is governed at present by food safety and trading standards legislation, which is enacted by both national and European legislatures. Nestle and Master Foods with its main brand the Mars bar received criticism for sourcing it chocolate from the West African countries such as Ivory Coast where the cocoa trade is being used to fund conflict to the tune of ? 0 million a year. The Ivory Coast provides some 40% of the world’s cocoa, since 2002 it has been torn apart by civil war. The allegations are that the profit from cocoa has been directly siphoned into government funds and used to finance their conflict with the rebels. In addition the rebels extorted money directly from the industry trying to transport the cocoa through its region. Gentle pressure is being applied on Mars to identify how m uch of its product contains cocoa from the Ivory Coast and strive to become free from â€Å"Conflict Cocoa†. Independent News and Media Ltd 2007). Sustainability and fair trade with regard to cocoa has become a political â€Å"hot potato† with the manufacturers of the Mars bar being criticized for employing tactics that puts cocoa farmers into virtual slavery, forcing them to turn more of their land over to production of cocoa rather than traditional arable farming and then making entire communities reliant on the cocoa market. The power of the global corporation can then manipulate the price of cocoa, ultimately depriving the producer of a fair price for the raw ingredient. The close association of the Mars bar as a product of the United States may cause some with a dislike of all things American to boycott the product; however there does not seem to be any evidence that this has actually occurred. Due to the global use of the product and its association through manufacture and distribution with other countries like the UK, it does not lend itself to being an exclusive American product such as is for the Hershey Bar. In the UK as in other nations where the Mars Bar is manufactured, there is some influence on the processes involved in its production by the legislative requirements of the host nation or other bodies such as the European Union. These relate in the main to food safety and trading standards legislation relating to the safety and standards that the Mars bar must meet in order to be sold to the consumer. Lately this has being more influenced by legislation that relates to advertising, such as the advertising of the product to children. Due to the nature of free market economies, free markets and the established nature of the Mars Bar with its global distribution network it is not felt that the Mars bar is overly influenced by external political factors. 2. 4. 6 Cultural forces The  cultural environment  is made up of institutions and other forces that affect society’s basic values, perceptions, preferences, and behaviors. Certain cultural characteristics can affect marketing decision-making. There was a real team spirit at Mars Chocolate, with a huge number of talented people all sharing the same goal of building on our longstanding reputation or world class products. Throughout, they made sure there’s a business strategy in place that inspires, motivates, develops and engages. Working in a sustainable, ethical and people-focused way generates outstanding results and also produces high quality talent. Mars Chocolate has been a training ground for some of British industry’s most successful l eaders, from Justin King (now the Chief Executive of Sainsbury’s) to Allan Leighton (former Chairman of Royal Mail). Mars has books and football clubs, and as an addition to this, they have their own on-site wellness coordinator who helps associates to enjoy chocolate as part of a healthy active lifestyle with pilates classes, circuit training and sports clubs. 2. 5 Organization within the industry 2. 5. 1 Market Position Although there are different definitions of brand positioning, probably the most common is: identifying a market niche for a brand, product or service utilizing traditional marketing placement strategies. Mars Inc. Market Positioning is similar products on the state of competition in the target market for the customer of the products of certain characteristics or attributes importance for the enterprise products shaping strong, unique and distinctive personality and vivid delivery to the customer, to obtain customer identification. The market positioning of the essence of the enterprise and other enterprises strictly separate, so that customers clearly feel and recognize this difference, and thus occupies a special place in the minds of customers From the slogan for Mars, we can see two points: 1, Mars simply locate a business of chocolate, candy and pet food manufacturing-oriented enterprises; 2, Mars also hoping to start a new business. In fact, market positioning and product differentiation is closely related, but are essentially different. Market positioning is the creation of a distinct personality, their products and thus creates a unique market image. A product is a comprehensive reflection of a number of factors, including the performance, structure, composition, packaging, shape, quality, market position is to strengthen or enlarge certain products of factors to form a different unique image. Product differentiation is the real market positioning means, but does not and the whole of market positioning. Market position is not only emphasis on product differentiation through product differentiation, but also to establish a unique market image, and win customer recognition. [pic] Dove, Mars classic chocolate brand, MADE WITH 100% PURE COCOA BUTTER, DOVE Chocolate has an intoxicating scent, a glossy hue and a rich taste unsurpassed by other bars. Always silky smooth on the tongue with a complex flavor, each DOVE Chocolate product starts with only the best cacao beans, tested twice by expert Mars technicians for quality and flavor. The perfect combination of chocolate liquor and cocoa butter, DOVE has a balanced taste that is never too sweet or too bitter. Because DOVE cares about every detail of the chocolate making process; you are always assured of delicious, lingering chocolate flavor. Mars takes great care and maintains the highest standard of quality in manufacturing DOVE Chocolate from the bean to bar, coupled with its special roasting and grinding – resulting in the signature silky smooth signature taste of DOVE Chocolate. ( Dove Chocolate, 2011) Chocolate consumers are more fashion crowd, is an important part of this population living. Chocolate as a special kind of nutritious food, in people's daily lives, occupy a very important position. Therefore, the quality and taste of chocolate has become the first choice when consumers buy. Dove† is the brand consumers are very familiar with their products in the production of a blend of the base material with puffed cereal products, the LHV sugar body or fruit and vegetable products not only taste good, and its unit calorific value is lower 30% ~ 60%, and quality assured, I believe this is also easier to meet our target customer choice. To meet consumer demand for chocolate while also addressing the cons umers worry about health issues, this is the world's chocolate companies cannot compete with the Dove brand and could win about it. . 5. 2 Target markets Target market analysis: Industry Supportive & Unshakable Facts. For example drinks. (All information below attained from Slideshare, 2012) 2006 Sports Drink Industry Break Down †¢ $300 billion sales worldwide in 2005 †¢ Market increased 10% to 9. 71 million liters in 2005 †¢ North American accounted for roughly 49% consumption in 2005 †¢ Asia Pacific region accounted for a 38% share in global consumption in 2005 †¢ Japan ranked second to the U. S. t terms for per capita consumption, but China is assumed to overtake Japan as Asia Pacific’s leading consumer by volume in year 2010 †¢ 2003, Germany was the leading market for sports drinks in Western Europe follow by Italy then the U. K. This is only the Drink example and except other products to analyze the Mars share in the global world. Market Met rics Global functional drink volume (millions of liters) CATEGORY 2006 FORECAST 2011 SPORTS DRINKS 9,870. 6 13,301. 70 ENERGY DRINKS 2,429. 4 3,534. 10 ELIXRS 320. 7 366. 10 TOTAL 12,620. 7 17,201. 9 (Source: Eouromonitor International. 2007) Demographics The characteristics of this section are very crucial to properly segment the market and determine where these traits fall in a SWOT analysis. Furthermore, the following information breaks down the market. Psychographics †¢ Physical Activity †¢ Healthy Products †¢ Modern Supplement †¢ Relevant Merchandise †¢ Athletes: Age from 5 to 50 Jr. High High School Collegiate Minor League Professional Hobby So from the target market there are two factors: 1) the company’s goal and resources; 2) the marketing strategies power and segment. The Mars has the resources more another competitors and each of every product have complete Marketing strategies and plan. That is why Mars Company can be the top5 in the Food’s Market in the worldwide. 2. 5. 3 The Marketing Mix (4P’s) 4P’s: The marketer, E. Jerome McCarthy, proposed a four Ps classification in 1960, which has since been used by marketers throughout the world. †¢ Product – A product is seen as an item that satisfies what a consumer needs or wants. It is a tangible good or an intangible service. Intangible products are service based like the tourism industry, the hotel industry and the financial industry. Tangible products are those that have an independent physical existence. Typical examples of mass-produced, tangible objects are the motor car and the disposable razor. A less obvious but ubiquitous mass produced service is a computer operating system †¢ Price – The price is the amount a customer pays for the product. The price is very important as it determines the company's profit and hence, survival. Adjusting the price has a profound impact on the marketing strategy, and depending on the price elasticity of the product, often it will affect the demand and sales as well. The marketer should set a price that complements the other elements of the marketing mix. †¢ Promotion – represents all of the methods of communication that a marketer may use to provide information to different parties about the product. Promotion comprises elements such as: advertising, public relations, personal selling and sales promotion. †¢ Place – refers to providing the product at a place which is convenient for consumers to access. Place is synonymous with distribution. Various strategies such as intensive distribution, selective distribution, exclusive distribution and franchising can be used by the marketer to complement the other aspects of the marketing mix. 2. 5. 3. 1 Product Most of the products are popular and famous, Dove and M&M’s has big market share in the global and impact of in the world. 2. 5. 3. 2 Price Mars price: the terminal operator to brand building as the ultimate goal. In the context of today's terminal winning times, product positioning is based on market demand, the Chinese market, for example, the MARS's major brands are both market and customer needs the road. For example: in the Dooyoo website we can easy find the price about the MARS products, all the price are at 5$~10$, the pricing strategies help Mars to be more positive in the competitions. [pic] Compare the different marketing, the price are follow the customers and the market, to position the price there are two big part to consider, the internal and external environmental, to think the outside factors the cultural, income, political, education ect. And the inside factors is the product’s self, the quality and packaging. That is all about the Mars Inc. . 5. 3. 3 Promotion Mars Chocolate North America launched several retailer promotions, Promotions and sponsorships include: 1. Consumers and retailers will score big this season when Mars Brands and the NFL team up for the 2012 Super Bowl sweepstakes and instant-win game â€Å"Celebrate on the Field. † Consumers will have the chance to win one of 5,000 instant-win prizes a day from December 19, 2011, to February 5, 2012 . 2. In January, Mars will showcase a â€Å"Take Your Peanut Butter Pick† cross-brand event featuring flavours from M&M's, Snickers and Twix Brands. The Mixed Singles Shipper and Mixed Singles Counter Unit will encourage consumers to taste a variety of Mars brands. 3. Mars Chocolate North America is shifting its NASCAR sponsorship into high gear with a full year of M's Makes Race Day More Fun, giving M&M's brand fans numerous opportunities to connect with the brand from January to November. 4. The sweepstakes promotion â€Å"When We Win, You Win! † engages NASCAR fans by linking the victorious performance of the M's Racing Team with chances to win great prizes, including new cars and instant-win prizes, from January to November. . Marathon brand will be the Official Energy Bar for the 2012 Rock ‘n' Roll Marathon Race Series, gaining brand exposure at 25 race events, reaching more than two million consumers. 6. Mras created a website as http://www. realchocolate. com in this website Mars claim that it’s the only company that use real cocoa butter not vegetable oil. In this website consumers can read about the h istory and processing of chocolate and if they register in website they can receive a free chocolate. It’s a great point that Mars said in this website that: For nearly 100 years, Mars Chocolate North America has been committed to producing  real chocolate. Mars Chocolate North America defines real chocolate as chocolate produced with cocoa butter per the U. S. Standards. The illustrated processing showed as below: [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] 1. Cacao Tree 2. Cacao Pod 3. Raw Cacao Beans 4. Cacao Beans Drying 5. Cacao Beans 6. Fermentation 7. Cacao Powder 8. Chocolate Liquor 7. US confectionery giant  Mars  has launched a ‘Chocolate Relief' campaign in a bid to bring â€Å"sweet smiles† to millions of Americans. The Mars Real Chocolate Relief Act will offer consumers full-sized samples of Mars chocolate, product discounts and coupons along with ‘Free Chocolate Fridays'. Throughout September 2011, Mars gave away around seven million full-size packages of its M&M's, Snickers, Milky Way, Twix, Dove, and 3 Musketeers chocolates in the US. Mars gave away a quarter-of-a- million full-size packages of ‘real' chocolate on Free Chocolate Fridays. US consumers can claim one of 250,000 full-value coupons each Friday from 8 May by visiting realchocolate. com. â€Å"Brands like M&M's, Snickers, Dove Chocolate, Twix, Milky Way and 3 Musketeers are loved by Americans,† said Michele Kessler, vice president, Mars Snackfood US. â€Å"That's why we've created the Mars Real Chocolate Relief Act. It's our way of giving Americans a small treat during challenging times. † (Aroq, 2012). 2. 5. 3. 4 Place As an example the distribution channels of china was discovered to have a big picture from the whole place policy in Mars Corporation. Mars has a unique approach to China it sells directly to the retailers without benefit of a joint venture or any other type of on-site business. M are sold directly to consumers in China through two different distribution channels: the China National Duty Free Import Corporation for its airport duty-free shops and, more significantly, key local wholesalers for distribution to neighborhood stores in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. East Asiatic Company (of Hong Kong) has successfully developed a way to distribute the well-known U. S. chocolate product in the city. In the normal distribution system, retailers are used to having to go calling on the wholesaler to try and obtain the product and then figure out a way to transport it to the store. East Asiatic has turned this old practice on its head: M wholesalers sell and transport their goods directly to the retailers. East Asiatic, a Hong Kong-based company has a distribution agreement with Mars for M candies in China. The candies are brought into Shanghai by the container-load from the U. S. or Australia or in smaller shipments via Hong Kong. East Asiatic then sells the chocolates to wholesalers/distributors in Shanghai. The wholesaler has five vans that deliver M throughout Shanghai, either to sub-wholesalers or retail outlets. The Hong Kong agent also has a van in the city. Painted with M advertisements, the vehicle serves as both an advertising and distribution medium. Choosing the right wholesalers and monitoring them closely are very important to the distribution effort's success. Besides having a warehouse for storing M&Ms properly, wholesalers must be committed to making frequent deliveries so that retail outlets receive fresh stock regularly. If a store has a quick turnover, a wholesaler should visit it once or twice a week; if turnover is slower, visits may occur every 1 0 to 14 days. The company works with wholesalers to select sub-wholesalers and hires salespeople directly by running advertisements in Shanghai newspapers. The sales team visits retail outlets regularly to check displays, advertising, and inventory needs. It encourages store managers to put up M&M fliers and sometimes conducts taste tests or other promotions, like giving away trial packages of Skittles (another Mars candy) or balloons decorated with the M&M logo. Salespeople benefit from successful promotion work by earning performance bonuses in addition to their straight salary. The Hong Kong Company informally oversees and coordinates the entire distribution process-from wholesalers to sub-wholesalers to sales staff to retail outlets. It teaches all levels to sell M&Ms into the market, instead of waiting for the market to come to them, as is the traditional practice in China. Coordination is handled by the company's representative office in Shanghai, with personnel in Hong Kong visiting from time to time in order to deal with specific issues. To select the proper retail outlets, East Asiatic set out a list of criteria and commissioned a Hong Kong market research firm that had connections with a Shanghai research firm to help identify stores in selected sales districts. At present, the distribution effort primarily targets state-run stores. Payment terms normally require settlement within one to two weeks after delivery. The Hong Kong agent sells through some private entrepreneurs in Shanghai even though they are somewhat less credit-worthy than state stores, and hopes to expand this network gradually. The company's Shanghai distribution system went into effect in late 1989 and M&Ms are now widely available-both in large outlets and in roadside shops decorated with M&M fliers. A similar system went into effect in Beijing in 1991, boosted by a major advertising campaign in connection with the 1990 Asian Games. The firm also distributes M&Ms in Guangzhou, although the network there is not as developed. Other points in China are covered via these three cities. A major issue for the company has been a fight to protect its trademark rights. Other than that, customers seem to like the chocolate (Shanghainese in particular have a taste for Western sweets), even though domestically-produced chocolate is one-fifth the price of the import (Ernst R. 2008). In Malaysia Mars focused on chain supermarkets and malls and mega malls, they use these channels as high potential channels and send the products to the end user and although its risky that consumer has a lot of other choice from mars competitors, but because high brand awareness and cheaper marketing strategy they use this strategy for Malaysia. 2. 6 The strength and weaknesses of the Brand SWOT Analysis A scan of the internal and external environment is an important part of the strategic planning process. Environmental factors internal to the firm usually can be classified as strengths (S) or weaknesses (W), and those external to the firm can be classified as opportunities (O) or threats (T). Such an analysis of the strategic environment is referred to as a SWOT analysis (wiliams, 2008). The SWOT analysis provides information that is helpful in matching the firm's resources and capabilities to the competitive environment in which it operates. As such, it is instrumental in strategy formulation and selection. The below diagram shows how a SWOT analysis fits into an environmental scan: Framework Environmental Scanning | | | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   | | | |Internal Analysis  Ã‚  Ã‚   | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  External Analysis | | | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   | | | |Strengths  Ã‚  Ã‚  Weaknesses  Ã‚  Ã‚   | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Opportunities  Ã‚  Ã‚  Threats | | | | | | | | | | | SWOT asks qu estions in these four areas and try to answer them to have a big picture of company. 2. 6. 1Strengths: 1. Strong demand for confectionery: the market has grown consistently at around 5% every year for the last four years. So it will bring bloom to the confectionery market. People tend to use computers and video games or all in all they use their brain more. Glucose is like the fuel for brain and chocolate is a relevant solution. People use chocolate more recently and it’s a power point for chocolate industries like mars. In Malaysia people like to eat sweat foods and snacks and even in some of their food they use sugar, Malaysia is a potential market for chocolate. Mars chocolates nearly can be seen in all malls and supermarkets in Malaysia. (Edward, 2012). 2. Good brand position and quality which is consumer favourites and High brand awareness. Mars is well-known among sportspeople that they use it as energetic meal and is well-known among children and families. The quality of products is elevated and its brand position is high. People know it as a famous and high standard brand. 3. Strong partnerships with retailers. That’s why we can see mars products in the majority of supermarkets and malls in Malaysia and all over the world. [pic] 4. Price kept that it should be in the range of every one purchase. It’s a qualified brand with huge name but the price policy was designed in a way that different layers of society can buy and use it (Gudehus, 2009). 5. Stores are available in almost every market. Mars offers chocolate stores that are kind of brand shops in different countries that are powerful ways for connecting with concentration with customers. In Malaysia it’s not very common that is not under mars marketing strategies, but mars focus on huge malls, supermarkets and chain supermarkets like 101 and seven eleven. 6. More emphasis on sales promotion like surprise gifts and scheme cards. 7. Memorable Slogans. Like on to Unimaginable Heights, Go for the Max! , Mars is Waiting†¦ (mars society, 2009). 8. Creative and simple advertising. That some of them are designed deeply for motivating people psychologically. 9. High Consumer Loyalty. Because nearly all children like chocolates and human pleasurable memories can be hardly forgotten. The image of brand, its taste and good memory of it is recorded in human’s deep conscious mind and people are loyal to what they like and admire. [pic] 10. Leader in UK, Japan and South Africa. Being leader in Asian, European and African context show the multicultural and international face of brand that different races and culture like the taste of products. 11. Innovative chocolate producers. 12. High advertising budget. Because the company is really marketing oriented and work with modern strategies. 13. Great packaging. Designs of packaging have influential effects on consumers and motivate them to buy the products. 14. Sponsors global football teams like England football team that is a great sign for remembering and memorizing Mars brand. 15. Mars Chocolate North America is the North American chocolate operations of Mars Inc. Based in McLean, Va. Mars has net sales of more than $30 billion and six business segments including Petcare, Chocolate, Wrigley, Food, Drinks and Symbioscience. 2. Weaknesses: 1. Mars products causes health problems for consumers. Cocoa contains fairly high levels of the mineral copper, and too much copper can inhibit certain chemical processes in the body and lead to several kinds of health problems (burger, 2008). Dark chocolate contains the three elements of cocoa liquor or cocoa mass (cocoa cake), cocoa butter, and sugar. Cocoa butter is a fat that is found naturally in cocoa beans (burger, 2008). These elements according to medical research produce different kind of health problems if use to extreme. It’s a weakness for Mars that chocolate products are not really under healthy products. 2. Dental problems by consuming Mars products. Dental problems are very expensive to cure. People have some phobias to eat chocolate like obesity, teeth problems and other health problems; it can be a weakness point for mars that their products produce certain problems in future for consumers and specially children. Causing pain and expense for consumers is not a good point for mars. 3. Mars has many different products in which it has to promote. Having different products show the product orientation in the company, but the problem is the variety of products that need to promote and develop and it cause too much expenditure for the company and can reduce the benefits. Mars brands include Chocolate: M's, Snickers, Dove, Galaxy, Mars, Milky Way and Twix; Petcare: Pedigree, Whiskas, Sheba, Cesar and Royal Canin; Wrigley – Orbit, Extra, Starburst, Doublemint and Skittles; Food: Uncle Ben's, Dolmio, Ebly, Masterfoods and Seeds of Change; Drinks: Alterra Coffee Roasters, The Bright Tea Co. , Klix and Flavia; and Symbioscience: Seramis, Cirku and Cocoavia. 4. M is the number one selling candy in the chocolate market; however this product steals most of the promotion and advertising money and it’s not really a balanced strategy. 5. Milky Way has a low sales percentage of Mars domestic market share Because of constantly changing campaigns, people are not aware of Milky Way’s positioning in the market. 6. Mars incorporated are not present online. According to the electronic era and the tendency of market to choose new technology for business exchange among nearly the majority of society, its weakness for Mars incorporated that they are not present online. Finding information about this company and its product on the net is not very convenient. 7. Bad communication, Low market share, Weak management team are other weaknesses of Mars in the world market. 2. 6. 3 Opportunities: 1. Universal demographic development and change is a continuous growth of the world population is an advantage for Mars because more products would be eaten by consumers. People have more tendency to eat candy, chocolate and fast foods in this era. 2. Having more focus on small countries, increasing personal relation even to villages. Heading to huge market share that is waiting for this brand, because in the entire world we can find children and families who are interested in the taste of chocolate and candy. 3. Increase the product range as Jellies, Toffees, Bars, Lollipops, Gums, Unsweetened baked chocolates for garnishing. Same content and in different forms can increase the market share. 4. 1% of households consume chocolate candy. Just mars need to remind them using chocolate regularly. Mars products are so familiar in the mind of people and if you offer people Mars products they won’t reject it. They only need